Vascular insufficiency of the upper extremity.

Vascular insufficiency of the upper extremity can be due to acute vascular injury, chronic vasospastic disease, and occlusive disease. Its treatment requires a thorough understanding of the vascular anatomy of the upper extremity, diagnostic modalities, and medical and surgical management options. Promising advances continue to be made in surgical treatment and medical therapy. Copyright 2010. Published by Elsevier Inc.