Rural health career pathways: research themes in recruitment and retention.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes stages in the research literature related to recruitment and retention of health professionals to rural health careers. DATA SOURCES: Electronic databases accessed included Medline, CINAHL, Social Sciences and Humanities. Key search terms included 'high school', 'career choices', 'rural', 'attachment', 'recruitment' and 'retention'. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified four stages: (1) making career choices; (2) being attached to place; (3) taking up rural practice; and (4) remaining in rural practice. This is termed the 'rural pipeline'. However, as some stages of the 'rural pipeline' refer specifically to the medical profession, we propose an extension of the notion of the medical 'rural pipeline' to include other professions such as nursing, midwifery and allied health. CONCLUSIONS. Utilising the 'rural pipeline' as a template for medicine, nursing and allied health would strengthen current approaches to the recruitment and retention of professionals in rural areas and provide a consolidated evidence base that would assist in policy development to improve availability and service provision of the rural health workforce. Future research that utilises a multidisciplinary approach could explore how the role and relationship between place and identity shape needs of career choices and would provide important information to advance the practical aspects supporting rural health career pathways.