Iontophoresis: an effective modality for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the temporomandibular joint and myofascial pain.

The use of the iontophoresis modality for driving medications through the skin for treatment of certain TM dysfunction and myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome was first suggested by Gangarosa and Mahan in 1982. This paper introduces the iontophoresis technique for treatment of inflammatory and myofascial disorders of the craniomandibular system. The historical aspects of iontophoresis in medicine and dentistry is reviewed. As an aid to understanding the clinical applications of this method, a review of diagnostic classification of temporomandibular disorders and an in-depth review of the role of the inflammatory process are provided. The effect of inflammation on the synovial/lymphatic system is detailed. Reference is made to the advantages of iontophoresis over hypodermic injection. The basis materials and methods of use of the modality are shown along with a protocol for patient treatment. Several case studies are discussed with clinical observations given.