Inducing Disorders in Pitch Perception and Production: a Reverse-Engineering Approach.

To perceive and produce music accurately, the brain must represent, categorize, plan, and execute pitched information in response to environmental stimuli. Convergent methods from psychophysics, voxel-based morphometry, and diffusion tensor imaging with normal and tone-deaf (TD) subjects have shown that neural networks controlling pitch perception and production systems include bilateral frontotemporal networks. Although psychophysical and neuroimaging results are suggestive of a superior temporal and inferior frontal network responsible for pitch perception and production, active intervention of these areas is necessary to establish a causal connection between superior temporal and inferior frontal areas and pitch production ability. We sought to reverse-engineer the pitch perception-production network by noninvasive brain stimulation. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive brain-stimulation technique that is optimal for auditory research, was applied over superior temporal and inferior frontal regions. Pitch matching ability was assessed using an individually optimized pitch matching task administered after each stimulation session. Results showed diminished accuracy in pitch matching after cathodal stimulation over inferior frontal and superior temporal areas compared to sham control. Results demonstrate that intact function and connectivity of a distributed cortical network, centered around bilateral superior temporal and inferior frontal regions, are required for efficient neural interactions with musical sounds.