INTRODUCTION: This study is a ten-year single institution retrospective study of patients presenting with haematospermia, to establish standard tests for investigation, and what tests have low yield and can be omitted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Investigations that were used were analysed to establish their diagnostic yield. The parameters examined were: digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, prostate specific antigen (PSA), abdominal and scrotal ultrasound, TRUS biopsy result (wherever applicable), flexible cystoscopy findings and final diagnosis. RESULTS: The central findings were that abdominal ultrasound never yielded an abnormality and that flexible cystoscopy never showed bladder tumours. TRUS prostate biopsies were performed in 17% of patients, and prostate cancer was confirmed in 5% of patients. Testicular malignancy was found in 2%. In 90% of patients, no specific diagnosis was made, and 85% of patients were discharged at review. CONCLUSIONS: A single episode of haematospermia is usually benign. Flexible cystoscopy and abdominal ultrasound appear valueless. Assessment should consist of clinical examination (including testicular), DRE and PSA testing. It can safely be managed in the community and only referred in the presence of, abnormal examination, elevated PSA or recurrent symptoms.
INTRODUCTION: This study is a ten-year single institution retrospective study of patients presenting with haematospermia, to establish standard tests for investigation, and what tests have low yield and can be omitted. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Investigations that were used were analysed to establish their diagnostic yield. The parameters examined were: digital rectal examination (DRE) findings, prostate specific antigen (PSA), abdominal and scrotal ultrasound, TRUS biopsy result (wherever applicable), flexible cystoscopy findings and final diagnosis. RESULTS: The central findings were that abdominal ultrasound never yielded an abnormality and that flexible cystoscopy never showed bladder tumours. TRUS prostate biopsies were performed in 17% of patients, and prostate cancer was confirmed in 5% of patients. Testicular malignancy was found in 2%. In 90% of patients, no specific diagnosis was made, and 85% of patients were discharged at review. CONCLUSIONS: A single episode of haematospermia is usually benign. Flexible cystoscopy and abdominal ultrasound appear valueless. Assessment should consist of clinical examination (including testicular), DRE and PSA testing. It can safely be managed in the community and only referred in the presence of, abnormal examination, elevated PSA or recurrent symptoms.