Targeting miRNAs in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Bone tissue arises from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) differentiated into the osteoblast lineage by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Emerging evidence indicates that the class of small non-coding single-stranded RNAs known as "microRNAs (miRNAs)" also plays a critical role in this process. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: In this short review, we summarize the biology and functional mechanisms of miRNAs. Importantly, we discuss miRNA expression, miRNA function, miRNA target prediction, miRNA overexpression and inhibition methods applied in osteoblastogenesis. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: We discuss the potential therapeutic opportunities and challenges for improving the treatment of bone-related diseases by using miRNAs as a therapeutic target. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Although various microRNAs regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, only a few miRNAs has been reported so far to play a key role in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.