Ying Zhuo1, Yilong Wu, Ailin Guo, Siyuan Chen, Jian Su. 1. Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With the ongoing need to improve therapy for lung cancer, there has been an increasing interest in the development of reliable preclinical models to test novel therapeutics. The aim of this study is to establish a patient-derived lung cancer xenograft model in mice and to observe the biological characteristics of xenografts. METHODS: Surgically resected tumor specimens from patients with lung cancer were implanted in the subcutaneous layer of the NOD/ SCID mice. Cancer specimens of percutaneous lung biopsy by CT fluoroscopy were implanted into the subrenal capsule of nude mouse. The subcutaneous carcinoma was surgically removed when it grew to approximately 1.0 cm in diameter, and then re-transplanted into new nude mice. The growth process of transplanted tumor was observed. Expression of CEA, cytokeratin, and Ki67 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Mutations in the exons 18-21 of EGFR and exons 12,59 of K-ras of primary and xenograft tumors were examined. The cell cycle of xenograft tumor cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Eleven cases were conducted for NOD/SCID mice and nude mice modelling. The patient-derived lung cancer xenografts have been established successfully, and the tumor could be passed to new nude mice, including No 2 model (adenocasinoma), No. 3 model (small cell lung cancer), and No.5 model (squamous cell cancer). High homogeneity was found between xenograft tumors and human lung cancer in histopathology, immunohistochemical phenotype, and EGFR, K-ras mutation status. The S-phase fraction of xenograft cell cycle was prolonged, which indicated that the xenografts remains highly proliferated. CONCLUSION: The xenotransplantation models established for patient-derived lung cancer in immune deficient mice. The success rate is 27%. This model system displayed the biological characteristics of human lung cancer, suggesting that it may provide a stable, reliable, and useful animal model in human lung cancer research.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: With the ongoing need to improve therapy for lung cancer, there has been an increasing interest in the development of reliable preclinical models to test novel therapeutics. The aim of this study is to establish a patient-derived lung cancer xenograft model in mice and to observe the biological characteristics of xenografts. METHODS: Surgically resected tumor specimens from patients with lung cancer were implanted in the subcutaneous layer of the NOD/ SCIDmice. Cancer specimens of percutaneous lung biopsy by CT fluoroscopy were implanted into the subrenal capsule of nude mouse. The subcutaneous carcinoma was surgically removed when it grew to approximately 1.0 cm in diameter, and then re-transplanted into new nude mice. The growth process of transplanted tumor was observed. Expression of CEA, cytokeratin, and Ki67 were detected by immunohistochemistry. Mutations in the exons 18-21 of EGFR and exons 12,59 of K-ras of primary and xenograft tumors were examined. The cell cycle of xenograft tumor cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Eleven cases were conducted for NOD/SCIDmice and nude mice modelling. The patient-derived lung cancer xenografts have been established successfully, and the tumor could be passed to new nude mice, including No 2 model (adenocasinoma), No. 3 model (small cell lung cancer), and No.5 model (squamous cell cancer). High homogeneity was found between xenograft tumors and humanlung cancer in histopathology, immunohistochemical phenotype, and EGFR, K-ras mutation status. The S-phase fraction of xenograft cell cycle was prolonged, which indicated that the xenografts remains highly proliferated. CONCLUSION: The xenotransplantation models established for patient-derived lung cancer in immune deficient mice. The success rate is 27%. This model system displayed the biological characteristics of humanlung cancer, suggesting that it may provide a stable, reliable, and useful animal model in humanlung cancer research.
Immunnodeficient mice bearing tumors. A: The first generation transplanted tumor model; B: The second generation transplanted tumor model; C: The third generation transplanted tumor model; D: The fourth generation transplanted tumor model.
各代荷肺癌小鼠。A:F1荷肺癌NOD/SCID小鼠;B、C、D:F2、F3、F4荷肺癌裸小鼠。Immunnodeficient mice bearing tumors. A: The first generation transplanted tumor model; B: The second generation transplanted tumor model; C: The third generation transplanted tumor model; D: The fourth generation transplanted tumor model.取出荷瘤肾Removing kidney with tumor1例(第3号病例)经皮肺穿刺活检术标本因标本量极少,故进行裸小鼠右肾包膜下移植。裸小鼠在移植后第45天取出右肾,经解剖学和组织学证实有肿瘤移植生长。其后在裸小鼠间皮下传代移植。建成为第3号(小细胞肺癌)模型。
The growth curves of the transplanted tumors after inoculation of model 2. A: The first generation transplanted tumor model; B: The second generation transplanted tumor model; C: The third generation transplanted tumor model; D: The fourth generation transplanted tumor model.
第2号模型(腺癌)小鼠移植瘤生长曲线。A:F1肿瘤生长曲线;B:F2肿瘤生长曲线;C:F3肿瘤生长曲线;D:F4肿瘤生长曲线。The growth curves of the transplanted tumors after inoculation of model 2. A: The first generation transplanted tumor model; B: The second generation transplanted tumor model; C: The third generation transplanted tumor model; D: The fourth generation transplanted tumor model.第5号(鳞癌)模型F1共5只NOD/SCID小鼠,5个移植瘤均生长良好,F1移植成活率为100%(5/5)。自F2起,肿瘤接种于裸小鼠皮下,目前已传至F5。F2-F5共24只裸小鼠,其中22个移植瘤生长良好,传代移植成活率91.7%。
Haematoxylin Eosin staining shows histopathologic similarity between the original human tumors (A and D) and their corresponding xenografts in model 2 (B and C) and model 5 (E and F) (×200). A: original tumor of model 2; B: F1 xenograft developed in NOD/SCID mouse of model 2; C: F4 xenograft developed in nude mouse of model 2; D: original tumor of model 5; E: F1 xenograft developed in NOD/SCID mouse of model 5; F: F4 xenograft developed in nude mouse of model 5.
瘤源和移植瘤HE染色图。A:第2号模型F0肿瘤(×200);B:第2号模型F1肿瘤(×200);C:第2号模型F4肿瘤(×100);D:第5号模型F0肿瘤(×200);E:第5号模型F1肿瘤(×200);F:第5号模型F4肿瘤(×200)。Haematoxylin Eosin staining shows histopathologic similarity between the original humantumors (A and D) and their corresponding xenografts in model 2 (B and C) and model 5 (E and F) (×200). A: original tumor of model 2; B: F1 xenograft developed in NOD/SCIDmouse of model 2; C: F4 xenograft developed in nude mouse of model 2; D: original tumor of model 5; E: F1 xenograft developed in NOD/SCIDmouse of model 5; F: F4 xenograft developed in nude mouse of model 5.
Cell cycle of No. 2 (A) and No. 5 (B) model xenograft tumor cells
第2号(A)(腺癌)和第5号(B)模型(鳞癌)移植瘤细胞周期图Cell cycle of No. 2 (A) and No. 5 (B) model xenograft tumor cells第5号模型(鳞癌)移植瘤细胞流式检测:G1%=59.5%,G2%=5.2%,S%=35.4%(图 5B)。通过流式细胞仪检测细胞,提示移植瘤细胞的S期延长,表明移植瘤细胞增殖活性高、分裂期的细胞数目多、生长快。
Expression of cytokeratin in original human tumor and their corresponding xenogratfs (IHC×200). The cytokeratin staining was positive in both the original tumor (F0, A) and xenografts F1, B; F2, C; F3, D; F4, E) in model 2.
第2号模型瘤源及各代移植瘤CK AE1/ AE3染色图片(×200)。A:F0瘤源;B:F1移植瘤;C:F2移植瘤;D:F3移植瘤;E:F4移植瘤。瘤源和移植瘤CK AE1/AE3均为阳性表达。Expression of cytokeratin in original humantumor and their corresponding xenogratfs (IHC×200). The cytokeratin staining was positive in both the original tumor (F0, A) and xenografts F1, B; F2, C; F3, D; F4, E) in model 2.
DNA analysis for EGFR and K-RAS mutations in model 2 and model 4. Mutations in K-ras and EGFR were detected in model 2 (G12V) and model 4 (21exon L858R), including original tumors and xenografts.
第2号和第4号模型EGFR和K-RAS突变测序图。A:第2号模型原代肿瘤和移植瘤均为K-rasG12V突变(G→T);B:第4号模型原代肿瘤和移植瘤均为EGFR 21exon L858R突变(T→G)。DNA analysis for EGFR and K-RAS mutations in model 2 and model 4. Mutations in K-ras and EGFR were detected in model 2 (G12V) and model 4 (21exon L858R), including original tumors and xenografts.
Authors: R Perez-Soler; B Kemp; Q P Wu; L Mao; J Gomez; A Zeleniuch-Jacquotte; H Yee; J S Lee; J Jagirdar; Y H Ling Journal: Clin Cancer Res Date: 2000-12 Impact factor: 12.531