BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proven that endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) was a new minimally invasive method in the diagnosis for mediastinal lymph nodes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic and staging yield of EBUS-TBNA for lung cancer. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with tumors and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes found by CT underwent the diagnosis by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) from April 1, 2009 to Febuary 8, 2010. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA were evaluated. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with 177 lymph node groups (2.4 groups in average) were studied. Histopathological samples were found in 49.33% patients and in 28.81% groups. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA for diagnostic were 98.43%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 91.67% and 98.66%, respectively, in per patient analysis and were 95.10%, 100%, 100.00%, 82.93%, and 96.05%, respectively, in per group analysis, higher than CT examination (P < 0.05) expect for sensitivity (P = 0.435). Staging changed in 19 (26.03%) patients after EBUS-TBNA. CONCLUSION: EBUS-TBNA proved to be a safe procedure with a high yield for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It has been proven that endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) was a new minimally invasive method in the diagnosis for mediastinal lymph nodes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic and staging yield of EBUS-TBNA for lung cancer. METHODS: Seventy-five patients with tumors and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes found by CT underwent the diagnosis by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) from April 1, 2009 to Febuary 8, 2010. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA were evaluated. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients with 177 lymph node groups (2.4 groups in average) were studied. Histopathological samples were found in 49.33% patients and in 28.81% groups. Overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS-TBNA for diagnostic were 98.43%, 100.00%, 100.00%, 91.67% and 98.66%, respectively, in per patient analysis and were 95.10%, 100%, 100.00%, 82.93%, and 96.05%, respectively, in per group analysis, higher than CT examination (P < 0.05) expect for sensitivity (P = 0.435). Staging changed in 19 (26.03%) patients after EBUS-TBNA. CONCLUSION:EBUS-TBNA proved to be a safe procedure with a high yield for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
The diagnostic results of CT and EBUS-TBNA in 177 groups of lymph nodes
CT
Final diagnosis
Total
EBUS-TBNA
Final diagnosis
Total
+
-
+
-
+
133
28
161
+
136
0
136
-
10
6
16
-
7
34
41
Total
143
34
177
143
34
177
4
177组淋巴结CT及EBUS-TBNA诊断结果比较
The diagnostic results comparison between CT and EBUS-TBNA in 177 groups of lymph nodes
Statistical results
χ2
P
CT (%)
EBUS-TBNA(%)
a: fisher exactχ2 test.
Accuracy
78.53
96.05
22.91
< 0.001
Sensitivity
93.01
95.10
0.56
0.453
Specificity
17.65
100.00
44.26
< 0.001
Positive predictive value
82.61
100.00
24.12
< 0.001
Negative predictive value
37.50
82.93
-a
0.003
177组淋巴结CT及EBUS-TBNA诊断结果The diagnostic results of CT and EBUS-TBNA in 177 groups of lymph nodes177组淋巴结CT及EBUS-TBNA诊断结果比较The diagnostic results comparison between CT and EBUS-TBNA in 177 groups of lymph nodes
N staging comparison between CT and EBUS-TBNA in 75 patients
Staging with CT (n)
Re-staging with EBUS-TBNA (n)
N1 (10)
N1 (7)
N2 (2)
N3 (1)
N2 (40)
Benigh (2)
N0 (4)
N1 (1)
N2 (32)
N3 (1)
N3 (23)
Benigh (3)
N0 (2)
N2 (3)
N3 (15)
73例患者CT及EBUS-TBNA检查N分期比较N staging comparison between CT and EBUS-TBNA in 75 patients
讨论
近年来,肺癌发病及死亡率在我国不断上升[。随着各项诊疗技术的不断涌现,准确的诊断及治疗前分期已经被共认是制定综合治疗方案及推测预后的关键。在传统的纵隔淋巴结定性检查方法中,纵隔镜[是公认的“金标准”。但其诊断费用及创伤较大,涉及淋巴结区域多局限于N2/N3各组,且重复检查极为困难。因此,这一技术在国内目前尚未得到大规模的开展和应用。经气管镜穿刺技术(transbronchial needle aspiration,TBNA,无超声引导下的盲穿)在国内开展相对较多,但由于缺乏有效的实时监测,穿刺中对于周围组织尤其是血管的损伤一直令人担忧[。近年来,EBUS-TBNA以其技术操作简单、微创,涉及纵隔淋巴结区域广及可重复性强的优势,越来越多的得到临床的认可。自EBUS-TBNA检查诞生之初到现在,有关安全性的报道一直令人满意,我们曾经的报道[和本次数据均显示,EBUS-TBNA属于一项安全的微创伤检查项目。并且随操作熟练度的增加,操作时间将明显减少[。本组病例中,49.33%的患者及28.81%的病灶区域在穿刺中取得病理学标本。但是进一步的分析37例病例中,EBUS-TBNA病理学确诊恶性19例(51.35%),3例细胞较少无法诊断,15例组织病理学未见恶性证据(包括3例阴性病例)。EBUS-TBNA实际组织学确诊22例(59.46%)。以送检51组计算,病理确诊恶性29组(53.33%),细胞较少无法诊断6例,阴性结果16例(无实际阴性病例)。EBUS-TBNA实际组织学确诊29例(56.86%)。由于国内EBUS-TBNA检查使用的穿刺针为22号,其内径相对较细,因此,如何在EBUS-TBNA检查中留取足够多的标本用于组织病理学检测是目前的技术难点之一。究竟是何种原因导致组织病理学检查的困难,有待进一步研究证实。有关EBUS-TBNA用于纵隔淋巴结诊断的报道中,多认为其具有较好的准确率,报道中其敏感性约89.0%-98.7%,特异性多数为100%[,无论是与CT、PET-CT[或TBNA[相比,甚至是“金标准”纵隔镜[相比,EBUS-TBNA似乎具有一定的优势。即使在化疗后[或肿瘤复发[的患者中,EBUS-TBNA的敏感性及特异性仍然保持在较高的水平。本组研究的结果与之相似。目前主要存在的争议是,究竟EBUS-TBNA能否真正代替纵隔镜成为纵隔淋巴结定性检查的首选。由于伦理学的原因,头对头的前瞻性随机对照研究尚未见大范围报道,但部份已有研究已经提示,EBUS-TBNA的发展前景令人期待。Ernst等[报道一组66例患者研究结果提示,分组研究中,EBUS-TBNA检查较纵隔镜检查具有更高的诊断水平(91% vs 78%, P=0.007),进一步研究显示,这一差异主要来自于隆突下淋巴结(差异24%,P=0.011)。如果排除该淋巴结后,其它各组间未能显示进一步的统计学差异。同时,就患者而言,EBUS-TBNA与纵隔镜检查相比未能显示出明显的N分期差异性(93%
vs 82%, P=0.083)。本组研究结果与之相似。由于本组患者的入组标准为CT怀疑肺癌淋巴结转移的患者,因此,敏感性检查未能出现明显的统计学差异。同时,由于病例数的关系,分组统计未能进行,以上结果尚待进一步的研究确定。同时由于EBUS-TBNA检察仍旧存在局限,尤其是对于5、6、8、9组淋巴结穿刺困难较大,因此单纯的EBUS-TBNA检察仍旧无法进行全面的淋巴结评价。Wallace等[指出,EBUS-TBNA联合EUS-FNA将能够较为全面的进行纵隔淋巴结评价,但由于目前对于EUS-FNA的报道尚不多见,进一步的深入研究希望在未来得以进行。本组病例中,假阴性概率约5%左右,如何进一步减少穿刺的假阴性率是EBUS-TBNA检查将来的重点之一。Lee等[曾报道一组30例41组淋巴结穿刺结果显示,穿刺次数增加的同时,阳性预测值也随之增加,每组淋巴结穿刺3次时,阳性预测值达97.6%。因此增加穿刺次数将是进一步提高准确率的可能方法之一,究竟是否可行尚待证实。同时,提高穿刺针的直径将在理论上增加样本组织量,有助于提高诊断准确率,但由于设备开发的原因,其安全性及最终结果目前仍旧未见报道。在肺癌的诊断工作中,在有效地进行分期诊断同时,EBUS-TBNA检查标本能否用于进一步的免疫组化及相关分子病理学研究也是普遍受到关注的热点之一。目前已经有肯定的报道[,相信随着对这一方法研究的不断深入,将能够看到更好的结果。EBUS-TBNA检查,技术操作简单、微创,涉及纵隔淋巴结区域广及可重复性强,其优势越来越多的得到临床的认可。我们有理由相信,在未来,其将对肺癌诊治工作产生积极的影响。
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