Design, synthesis, and cholesterol-lowering efficacy for prodrugs of berberrubine.

In order to enhance oral bioavailability of berberine (BBR) for its cholesterol-lowering efficacy in vivo, a series of ester or ether prodrugs of berberrubine (M1), which is an active metabolite of BBR after first-pass metabolism, were designed, semi-synthesized, and evaluated. Among these M1 prodrugs, compound 5g possessing palmitate at the 9-position showed a moderate LogP value and esterase hydrolysis rate for releasing M1 in blood. Its cholesterol-lowering efficacy in vivo was evaluated in hyperlipidemic SD rats. Compound 5g (100mg/kg/d) reduced blood CHO and LDL-c by 35.8% and 45.5%, respectively, similar to that by BBR. It also exhibited a good safety in rats with no side-effect on liver and kidney function. Therefore, the design of M1 prodrug appears to be an effective strategy to improve pharmacokinetic feature of BBR for its lipid-lowering efficacy in vivo. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.