BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Lung cancer is one of the most commonly occurring malignancies and frequent causes of death in the world. Cryoablation is a safe and alternative treatment for unresectable lung cancer. Due to the lung being gas-containing organ and different from solid organs such as liver and pancreas, it is difficult to achieve the freezing range of beyond the tumor edge 1 cm safety border. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of different numbers of freeze cycles on the effectiveness of cryoablation on normal lung tissue and to create an operation guideline that gives the best effect. METHODS: Six healthy Tibetan miniature pigs were given a CT scan and histological investigation after percutaneous cryosurgery. Cryoablation was performed as 2 cycles of 10 min of active freezing in the left lung; each freeze followed by a 5 min thaw. In the right lung, we performed the same 2 cycles of 5 min of freezing followed by 5 min of thawing. However, for the right lung, we included a third cycle of consisting of 10 min of freezing followed by 5 min of thawing. Three cryoprobes were inserted into the left lung and three cryoprobes in the right lung per animal, one in the upper and two in the lower lobe, so as to be well away from each other. Comparison under the same experimental condition was necessary. During the experiment, observations were made regarding the imaging change of ice-ball. The lungs were removed postoperatively at 3 intervals: 4 h, 3 d of postoperation and 7 d of postoperation, respectively, to view microscopic and pathological change. RESULTS: The ice-ball grew gradually in relation to the increase in time, and the increase in number of cycles. The size of the cryolesion (hypothesis necrotic area) in specimens, over time, became larger in size than the size of the ice-ball during operation, regardless of whether 2 or 3 freeze-thaw cycles were performed. The area of necrosis was gradually increased over the course of time. The hypothesis necrotic area was equal to necrosis area 3 d after cryosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous cryoablation of the lung can achieve complete ablation of target tissue. The freezing technique may be different depending on the individual circumstances of each tumor. In technology, 3 freeze-thaw cycles are recommended, and the range of cryoablation's effective diameter may be not necessarily beyond the tumor edge at least 1 cm safe border during cryosurgery.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:Lung cancer is one of the most commonly occurring malignancies and frequent causes of death in the world. Cryoablation is a safe and alternative treatment for unresectable lung cancer. Due to the lung being gas-containing organ and different from solid organs such as liver and pancreas, it is difficult to achieve the freezing range of beyond the tumor edge 1 cm safety border. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of different numbers of freeze cycles on the effectiveness of cryoablation on normal lung tissue and to create an operation guideline that gives the best effect. METHODS: Six healthy Tibetan miniature pigs were given a CT scan and histological investigation after percutaneous cryosurgery. Cryoablation was performed as 2 cycles of 10 min of active freezing in the left lung; each freeze followed by a 5 min thaw. In the right lung, we performed the same 2 cycles of 5 min of freezing followed by 5 min of thawing. However, for the right lung, we included a third cycle of consisting of 10 min of freezing followed by 5 min of thawing. Three cryoprobes were inserted into the left lung and three cryoprobes in the right lung per animal, one in the upper and two in the lower lobe, so as to be well away from each other. Comparison under the same experimental condition was necessary. During the experiment, observations were made regarding the imaging change of ice-ball. The lungs were removed postoperatively at 3 intervals: 4 h, 3 d of postoperation and 7 d of postoperation, respectively, to view microscopic and pathological change. RESULTS: The ice-ball grew gradually in relation to the increase in time, and the increase in number of cycles. The size of the cryolesion (hypothesis necrotic area) in specimens, over time, became larger in size than the size of the ice-ball during operation, regardless of whether 2 or 3 freeze-thaw cycles were performed. The area of necrosis was gradually increased over the course of time. The hypothesis necrotic area was equal to necrosis area 3 d after cryosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous cryoablation of the lung can achieve complete ablation of target tissue. The freezing technique may be different depending on the individual circumstances of each tumor. In technology, 3 freeze-thaw cycles are recommended, and the range of cryoablation's effective diameter may be not necessarily beyond the tumor edge at least 1 cm safe border during cryosurgery.
Sequential changes of the pulmonary parenchyma on computed tomographic scanning after freezing and thawing (3 cycles). A: 5 min after the beginning of first freezing; B: 5 min after the beginning of first thrawing; C: 5 min after the beginning of second freezing; D: 5 min after the beginning of second thrawing; E: 10 min after the beginning of third freezing; F: 5 min after the beginning of third thawing.
冷冻过程中(3个循环)冰球的CT表现Sequential changes of the pulmonary parenchyma on computed tomographic scanning after freezing and thawing (3 cycles). A: 5 min after the beginning of first freezing; B: 5 min after the beginning of first thrawing; C: 5 min after the beginning of second freezing; D: 5 min after the beginning of second thrawing; E: 10 min after the beginning of third freezing; F: 5 min after the beginning of third thawing.左肺行冷冻2个循环,冷冻总时间为20 min;右肺行冷冻3个循环,总冷冻时间也为20 min。右肺3个循环形成的冰球大于左肺2个循环形成的冰球(表 1)。图 3显示猪2不同冷冻-复温循环的左肺和右肺CT影像学变化。
1
6只猪右肺与左肺的冰球和假定坏死区大小(cm)
Compare hypothetical necrotic area with the ice-ball in both lungs (cm)
n
Right lung
Left lung
P
Ice-ball
18
2.7±0.3
2.3±0.3
0.001
Hypothetical necrotic area
18
3.7±0.7
3.1±0.6
0.001
3
猪2不同冷冻-复温循环对CT上冰球大小的影响
Pig 2's ice-ball change under different freeze-thaw cycles. Above is left lung after 2 freeze-thaw cycles cryo, diameter was 1:2.1 cm (A), 2:2.1 cm (B), 3:2.4 cm (C), respectively; Below is right lung after 3 freeze-thaw cycles cryo, diameter was 4:2.6 cm (D), 5:2.7 cm (E), 6:2.6 cm (F), respectively.
6只猪右肺与左肺的冰球和假定坏死区大小(cm)Compare hypothetical necrotic area with the ice-ball in both lungs (cm)猪2不同冷冻-复温循环对CT上冰球大小的影响Pig 2's ice-ball change under different freeze-thaw cycles. Above is left lung after 2 freeze-thaw cycles cryo, diameter was 1:2.1 cm (A), 2:2.1 cm (B), 3:2.4 cm (C), respectively; Below is right lung after 3 freeze-thaw cycles cryo, diameter was 4:2.6 cm (D), 5:2.7 cm (E), 6:2.6 cm (F), respectively.
The morphological description of both lungs'sample at different times after cryoablation
冷冻术后不同时间内双肺冷冻区的大体表现The morphological description of both lungs'sample at different times after cryoablation测定6只猪肺CT下冰球、假定坏死区最大径,结果如表 1。从表 1可见,CT影像下右肺的冰球大于左肺,右肺3个循环冷冻假定坏死区范围大于左肺2个循环,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。6只猪双肺冰球大小为(2.5 ±0.4)cm,假定坏死区大小为(3.4±0.7)cm,无论猪为急性死亡或术后3天、7天处死,双肺假定坏死区均较冰球大,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。
Authors: Y Fong; A M Cohen; J G Fortner; W E Enker; A D Turnbull; D G Coit; A M Marrero; M Prasad; L H Blumgart; M F Brennan Journal: J Clin Oncol Date: 1997-03 Impact factor: 44.544
Authors: Joachim K Seifert; Claus D Gerharz; Frank Mattes; Fatma Nassir; Karsten Fachinger; Christoph Beil; Theodor Junginger Journal: Cryobiology Date: 2003-12 Impact factor: 2.487