Current status of plant-made vaccines for veterinary purposes.

Interest is growing for the use of plant-made vaccines for veterinary purposes since the regulatory landscape still enables delivery of either crude extracts or minimally processed plant materials to animals for medicinal purposes. In this article, we highlight the current research directions taken with four diseases considered as important constraints to international trade in animals: avian influenza, Newcastle disease, foot-and-mouth disease and diarrheal disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. We also discuss appropriate plant production platforms with regards to plant species and transformation methodologies, possible areas of development, and the remaining challenges for plant-made vaccines for veterinary purposes.