Effects of chronic uranium exposure on life history and physiology of Daphnia magna over three successive generations.

Daphnia magna was exposed to waterborne uranium (U) at concentrations ranging from 10 to 75 microgL(-1) over three successive generations (F0, F1 and F2). Progeny was either exposed to the same concentration as mothers to test whether susceptibility to this radioelement might vary across generations or returned to a clean medium to examine their capacity to recover after parental exposure. Maximum body burdens of 17, 32 and 54 ng U daphnid(-1) were measured in the different exposure conditions and converted to corresponding internal alpha dose rates. Low values of 5, 12 and 20 microGy h(-1) suggested that radiotoxicity was negligible compared to chemotoxicity. An increasing sensitivity to toxicity was shown across exposed generations with significant effects observed on life history traits and physiology as low as 10 microgL(-1) and a capacity to recover partially in a clean medium after parental exposure to <or=25 microgL(-1). Using a (14)C-labelled food technique, the study showed that uranium affected carbon assimilation in F0 at concentrations of 25 and 75 microgL(-1) (34 and 80% reduction respectively) and as low as 10 microgL(-1) in F1 and F2 (40 and 36% reduction respectively). Consequences were strong for both somatic growth and reproduction and increased in severity across generations. Maximum size was reduced by 12% at 75 microgL(-1) in F0 and 23% at 25 microgL(-1) in F2. Reduction in 21-day fecundity ranged from 27 to 48% respectively at 25 and 75 microgL(-1) in F0 and from 43 to 71% respectively at 10 and 25 microgL(-1) in F2. Growth retardation caused a delay in deposition of first brood of 1.3 days at 75 microgL(-1) in F0, of 1.9 days at 25 microgL(-1) in F1 and of 5 days at 25 microgL(-1) in F2. Differences in respiration rates and egg dry mass between the control and exposed daphnids were mainly an indirect result of uranium effect on body size. The observed increase in toxic effects across generations indicated the necessity of carrying out multigeneration tests to assess environmental risk of uranium in daphnids. Copyright 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.