Vascular neuro-ophthalmology.

Vascular neuro-ophthalmology includes visual symptoms and signs found in stroke patients as well as numerous primary vascular disorders involving the eye and the optic nerves. Cerebrovascular diseases are commonly associated with neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms or signs, which mostly depend on the type, size, and location of the vessels involved, and the mechanism of the vascular lesion. Funduscopic examination allows direct visualization of the retinal circulation, which shares many common characteristics with the cerebral microcirculation, and can be used as a marker of vascular disease. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.