Non-genomic and genomic effects of steroids on neural activity.

Steroid hormones are recognized as producing their major long-term effects on cell structure and function via intracellular receptors acting on the expression of genes. There is now increasing evidence that steroids also affect the surface of cells and alter ion permeability, as well as release of neurohormones and neurotransmitters. Progesterone appears to be one of the most active of the steroids, and its naturally produced metabolites and some synthetic analogs show activities that are different from the parent steroid. Other steroids, such as estrogens and adrenal steroids and their naturally produced and synthetic analogs, also show membrane effects. Bruce McEwen reviews evidence that synergistic interactions occur between non-genomic and genomic actions of steroids.