Chronic pain management issues in the primary care setting and the utility of long-acting opioids.

IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD: Chronic/persistent pain - a highly prevalent condition that places a substantial burden on patients in terms of personal suffering, reduced productivity and health care costs - remains inadequately treated in many patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview and evaluate the burden and undertreatment of chronic/persistent pain, considerations for choosing an analgesic and the utility of long-acting opioids. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW: A PubMed search was conducted to identify randomized, placebo-controlled trials evaluating the efficacy and safety of long-acting opioids in chronic pain conditions. The following search terms were used: long-acting opioids, extended-release opioids, controlled-release opioids, sustained-release opioids, and transdermal opioids. The search was limited to randomized, controlled trials published within the last 10 years (1998 - 2008). Studies meeting the following criteria were excluded from review: those focused on a neuropathic pain condition or specific patient subpopulations (e.g., opioid-experienced patients); those conducted outside the USA; and those evaluating a long-acting opioid that is not on the US market at present. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN: The reader will first develop a better understanding of the individual and societal ramifications of undertreated chronic pain. Then, a critical review of safety and efficacy data from well-controlled randomized studies will help readers understand the choices and variables that should be considered when selecting appropriate treatments for patients with chronic pain. TAKE HOME MESSAGE: Successful management of chronic/persistent pain should be individually tailored to each patient, taking into account his or her pain intensity and duration, disease state, tolerance of adverse events and risk of medication abuse or diversion. The literature supports the efficacy and safety of a number of long-acting opioids for the treatment of moderate to severe chronic pain, demonstrating sustained improvements in pain intensity and pain-related sleep disturbances with these agents.