The story of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in Iran.

Iran, a developing country with a population of approximately 71,000,000, is the most populous country in the Middle East and the 16th most populous in the world. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita is US$8900 and total health expenditure is approximately 6% of GDP. The total number of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients reported by the Management Center for Transplantation and Special Diseases (MCTSD) was 32,686 in 2007, which denotes a prevalence of 466 per million population (pmp) in Iran. Considering the growth rate of 12%, the expected number of ESRD patients in 2010 is 40,000; incidence of ESRD is expected to be 63.8 pmp. These numbers are lower compared to developed countries, which may suggest poor referral and under-diagnosis of ESRD. In Iran at present, hemodialysis (HD) and renal transplantation are the most common renal replacement therapy (RRT) modalities, accounting for 47.7% and 48.8% of prevalent RRT patients respectively. Based on the Iran Dialysis Center report of 2001, approximately 1% of ESRD patients were being treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD); this number increased to approximately 3.5% (6.8% of total dialysis patients) in 2006. In the present article, reasons for underutilization of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and improvements in PD within the past 5 years will be reviewed.