Probing the in situ competitive displacement of protein by nonionic surfactant using atomic force microscopy.

Force-distance data obtained from an atomic force microscope have been used to follow the in situ displacement of beta-lactoglobulin from tetradecane droplets by Tween 20 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate). Interpretation of the force-distance curves has shown that the slope of the region, traditionally termed the constant compliance region, is a useful indicator of droplet deformation within a given experiment. The magnitude of this slope can be used to monitor how the deformability of the droplet changes upon addition of surfactant. It has been found that, immediately after initial addition of surfactant, there is an increase in magnitude of this slope, indicating a stiffening of the droplet, attributed to a stiffening of the protein network formed at the surface of the droplet. Subsequent additions of Tween 20 reduce the magnitude of the slope until an equilibrium value is reached, where the interface becomes surfactant-dominated. These observations suggest that it is possible to monitor in situ the displacement of protein from individual oil droplets. The data have been interpreted in terms of the "orogenic" model of displacement, which is based on studies made on model interfaces. These data have been compared to those obtained using the more traditional techniques of dilatational rheology, surface loading, and surface potential measurements for analogous beta-lactoglobulin-stabilized droplets or emulsions.