J S Saczynski1, A Beiser, S Seshadri, S Auerbach, P A Wolf, R Au. 1. Department of Medicine and Meyers Primary Care Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA. Jane.saczynski@umassmed.edu
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Depression may be associated with an increased risk for dementia, although results from population-based samples have been inconsistent. We examined the association between depressive symptoms and incident dementia over a 17-year follow-up period. METHODS: In 949 Framingham original cohort participants (63.6% women, mean age = 79), depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline (1990-1994) using the 60-point Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A cutpoint of > or = 16 was used to define depression, which was present in 13.2% of the sample. Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age, sex, education, homocysteine, and APOE epsilon4 examined the association between baseline depressive symptoms and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD). RESULTS: During the 17-year follow-up period, 164 participants developed dementia; 136 of these cases were AD. A total of 21.6% of participants who were depressed at baseline developed dementia compared with 16.6% of those who were not depressed. Depressed participants (CES-D >/=16) had more than a 50% increased risk for dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.84, p = 0.035) and AD (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.03-3.01, p = 0.039). Results were similar when we included subjects taking antidepressant medications as depressed. For each 10-point increase on the CES-D, there was significant increase in the risk of dementia (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.18-1.79, p < 0.001) and AD (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11-1.75, p = 0.005). Results were similar when we excluded persons with possible mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD in older men and women over 17 years of follow-up.
OBJECTIVES:Depression may be associated with an increased risk for dementia, although results from population-based samples have been inconsistent. We examined the association between depressive symptoms and incident dementia over a 17-year follow-up period. METHODS: In 949 Framingham original cohort participants (63.6% women, mean age = 79), depressive symptoms were assessed at baseline (1990-1994) using the 60-point Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). A cutpoint of > or = 16 was used to define depression, which was present in 13.2% of the sample. Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for age, sex, education, homocysteine, and APOE epsilon4 examined the association between baseline depressive symptoms and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD). RESULTS: During the 17-year follow-up period, 164 participants developed dementia; 136 of these cases were AD. A total of 21.6% of participants who were depressed at baseline developed dementia compared with 16.6% of those who were not depressed. Depressedparticipants (CES-D >/=16) had more than a 50% increased risk for dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 1.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-2.84, p = 0.035) and AD (HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.03-3.01, p = 0.039). Results were similar when we included subjects taking antidepressant medications as depressed. For each 10-point increase on the CES-D, there was significant increase in the risk of dementia (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.18-1.79, p < 0.001) and AD (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.11-1.75, p = 0.005). Results were similar when we excluded persons with possible mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS:Depression is associated with an increased risk of dementia and AD in older men and women over 17 years of follow-up.
Authors: Gregory E Miller; Cinnamon A Stetler; Robert M Carney; Kenneth E Freedland; William A Banks Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 2002-12-15 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: M I Geerlings; R A Schoevers; A T Beekman; C Jonker; D J Deeg; B Schmand; H J Adèr; L M Bouter; W Van Tilburg Journal: Br J Psychiatry Date: 2000-06 Impact factor: 9.319
Authors: Henning Tiemeier; H Ruud van Tuijl; Albert Hofman; John Meijer; Amanda J Kiliaan; Monique M B Breteler Journal: Am J Psychiatry Date: 2002-12 Impact factor: 18.112
Authors: Robert S Wilson; L L Barnes; C F Mendes de Leon; N T Aggarwal; J S Schneider; J Bach; J Pilat; L A Beckett; S E Arnold; D A Evans; D A Bennett Journal: Neurology Date: 2002-08-13 Impact factor: 9.910
Authors: James T Becker; Yue-Fang Chang; Oscar L Lopez; Mary Amanda Dew; Robert A Sweet; Deborah Barnes; Kristine Yaffe; Jeffrey Young; Lewis Kuller; Charles F Reynolds Journal: Am J Geriatr Psychiatry Date: 2009-08 Impact factor: 4.105
Authors: Frederick W Unverzagt; Lin T Guey; Richard N Jones; Michael Marsiske; Jonathan W King; Virginia G Wadley; Michael Crowe; George W Rebok; Sharon L Tennstedt Journal: J Int Neuropsychol Soc Date: 2012-03-09 Impact factor: 2.892
Authors: Mirjam I Geerlings; Adam M Brickman; Nicole Schupf; Davangere P Devanand; José A Luchsinger; Richard Mayeux; Scott A Small Journal: J Alzheimers Dis Date: 2012 Impact factor: 4.472
Authors: C Arbus; V Gardette; C E Cantet; S Andrieu; F Nourhashémi; L Schmitt; B Vellas Journal: J Nutr Health Aging Date: 2011-08 Impact factor: 4.075
Authors: M I Geerlings; S Sigurdsson; G Eiriksdottir; M E Garcia; T B Harris; T Sigurdsson; V Gudnason; L J Launer Journal: Psychol Med Date: 2012-05-30 Impact factor: 7.723
Authors: Laura N Gitlin; Lynn Fields Harris; Megan C McCoy; Nancy L Chernett; Laura T Pizzi; Eric Jutkowitz; Edward Hess; Walter W Hauck Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2013-08-20 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: Olga M Herren; Silas E Burris; Shellie-Anne Levy; Keri Kirk; Kanesha S Banks; Victor L Jones; Breanna Beard; Denee T Mwendwa; Clive O Callender; Alfonso L Campbell Journal: Ethn Dis Date: 2019-04-18 Impact factor: 1.847
Authors: Adina Zeki Al Hazzouri; Eric Vittinghoff; Amy Byers; Ken Covinsky; Dan Blazer; Susan Diem; Kristine E Ensrud; Kristine Yaffe Journal: J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci Date: 2013-10-04 Impact factor: 6.053