Systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by recurrent pneumothorax: Case report and literature review.

Pneumothorax is a rare pleuropulmonary manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. We encountered a 37-year-old Japanese woman who had systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by recurrent pneumothorax during treatment for recurrent serositis with glucocorticoid therapy. She was admitted for the third episode of lupus peritonitis in December 2005. Intravenous cyclophoshamide and increased dose of oral prednisolone were administered. In early January 2006, hemoptysis was observed and bronchofiberscopy revealed hemorrhage from the left lower lobe. After intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy and oral cyclosporine therapy were added, pleurisy and pulmonary hemorrhage improved. On February 22nd, she suddenly developed pneumothorax on the right side, followed by pneumothorax on the left side after 2 days. This pneumothorax on the left side did not improve despite chest tube drainage for over one month. She underwent thoracoscopic partial lobectomy of lower lobe of the left lung, and her symptoms improved. Review of the literature identified 10 case reports of systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by pneumothorax. All of the patients including our case had underlying pulmonary lesions, and 9/11 patients had pleurisy. Besides 10/11 patients received glucocorticoid therapy before the occurrence of pneumothorax. Tissue fragility caused by these factors might contribute to the complication of pneumothorax in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.