Aldosterone in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease and proteinuria.

There has been much recent interest in the role of aldosterone as an independent contributor to the progression of chronic kidney disease. Despite treatment with agents such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, many studies have shown that there is incomplete blockade of the renin-angiotensin cascade evidenced by persistent or rising plasma aldosterone levels despite therapeutic renin-angiotensin blockade. This phenomenon is commonly referred to as "aldosterone escape" and is thought to be one of the main contributors to chronic kidney disease progression despite conventional therapeutics. Animal models of the effects of exposure to exogenous aldosterone demonstrate the development of inflammation and fibrosis in both the myocardium and renal parenchyma. In limited human studies, aldosterone receptor antagonism is associated with decreased proteinuria and improved glomerular filtration rate. Although data support the addition of an aldosterone antagonist to conventional therapy when treating patients with chronic kidney disease, more studies are needed to determine the precise clinical indications and the appropriate safety monitoring.