Vaccines as monotherapy and in combination therapy for prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. Standard-of-care chemotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is associated with significant but modest survival benefit, indicating a need for alternative and/or additional approaches. The use of therapeutic cancer vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer represents a novel targeted therapeutic approach. Whereas vaccine strategies are being developed for the treatment of various stages of prostate cancer, this article focuses on novel vaccine strategies for castration-resistant prostate cancer that have been translated into late-stage clinical studies.