Cytogenetic abnormalities and azoospermia factor (AZF) microdeletions in infertile men from Kuwait.

Approximately 15% of couples in the reproductive age group worldwide are affected by infertility, and it is estimated that about 40-50% of infertilities are of male origin. Genetic factor accounts for 10-15% of severe male infertility, including chromosomal aberrations and single gene mutations (Ferlin et al, 2006). After the Klinfelter syndrome, Y chromosomal microdeletions are the most frequent genetic cause of male infertility (Krausz and Degl'Innocenti, 2006). The three regions, referred to as “azoospermia factors” (AZFa, AZFb and AZFc from proximal to distal) has been defined as spermatogenesis loci (Vogt et al, 1996). In Kuwait, male factor is accounted for infertility in over 40% of couples: the causative factors of this include oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and azoospermia (Omu et al, 1999). Previously, we demonstrated that chromosomal aberrations were found in 11% of couples with infertility and reproductive disorders (Alkhalaf et al, 2002). The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency of cytogenetic chromosomal abnormalities and to provide information on the type and prevalence of Y chromosome microdeletions in infertile males that show normal karyotypes. Y-chromosome microdeletions are specific for spermatogenic failure as no deletions have been reported in a large number of normospermic men (Vogt, 2005). Delineating the genetic basis of male nfertility in our population is important in view of the most recent advances in reproductive technologies, which have already been initiated in Kuwait.

The patient group included in this study were 142 Kuwaiti men with confirmed idiopathic infertility for at least 2 years (aged 20-48 years; mean age=28 years). As controls, we recruited 166 Kuwaiti men (aged 21-50 years; mean age=32 years) with proven fertility but with two or more children. Patients selection criteria included the presence of azoospermia, severe oligozoospermia (sperm concentration <5 million/ml), testicular phenotype of Sertoli cell only syndrome or severe hypospermatogenesis. This study was approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University and the Kuwaiti Health Ministry, and was in accordance with the Helsinki II declaration. Chromosomal analysis was performed on cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients as described previously (Alkhalaf et al, 2005). For each patient at least 30 well-spread metaphases were analyzed. When cytogenetic abnormalities are detected in the patient the number of analyzed metaphases was increased to 50 metaphases. DNA was extracted with PUREGEN DNA Purification Kit (Gentra system, Minneapolis, USA). Molecular analysis for AZF loci was done using multiplex PCR (Table I) as previously (Simoni et al, 2004). In parallel with the patient DNA samples, fertile male and female samples were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. In each PCR reaction two blank samples were employed as negative controls, to eliminate the possibility of contamination.

Table 1.

Primer sequence of the sequence-tagged-sites (STSs) used in the detection of AZF loci (AZFa, AZFb and AZFc) and SRY. Multiplex PCR A primers were used to screen all samples, multiplex PCR B primers were used to confirm the deletions observed in multiplex PCR A reaction.

STS	Sequence 5′ → 3′	Locus	Size (bp)
Multiplex PCR A
sY86-F	GTG ACA CAC AGA CTA TGC TTC	AZFa	320
sY86-R	ACA CAC AGA GGG ACA ACC CT
sY127-F	GGC TCA CAA ACG AAA AGA	AAAZFb	274
sY127-R	CTG CAG GCA GTA ATA AGG GA
sY254-F	GGG TGT TAC CAG AAG GCA	AAAZFc	400
sY254-R	GAA CCG TAT CTA CCA AAG CAG C
sY14-F	GAA TAT TCC CGC TCT CCG GA	SRY	495
sY14-R	GCT GGT GCT CCA TTC TTG AG
Multiplex PCR B
sY84-F	AGA AGG GTC TGA AAG CAG GT	AZFa	326
sY84-R	GCC TAC TAC CTG GAG GCT TC
sY134-F	GTC TGC CTC ACC ATA AAA CG	AZFb	301
sY134-R	ACC ACT GCC AAA ACT TTC AA
sY255-F	GTT ACA GGA TTC GGC GTG AT	AZFc	126
sY255-R	CTC GTC ATG TGC AGC CAC
sY14-F	GAA TAT TCC CGC TCT CCG GA	SRY	495
sY14-R	GCT GGT GCT CCA TTC TTG AG

Chromosomal karyotyping of 142 patients revealed somatic anomalies in 26 infertile male (26/142=18.3%) (Table II). The most common chromosomal abnormality was Klinefelter's syndrome which showed 47,XXY karyotype (16/142=11.27%). One patient showed a variant Klinefelter's syndrome with the 46,XX [49]/47,XXY [4] karyotype. Overall, Klinefelter's syndrome cases counted for more than half of the chromosomal abnormalities (17/26=65%). Two patients showed 46,XYqh- karyotype (polymorphic variants) and one patient with 46,XYqh-/45,XO karyotype. Two patients showed a small deletion in the small arm of chromosome 21. Each of the following karyotypes were detected once: 46,XX male, 46,XY +ive marker, 45,XY,-14,-21,+t(14;21) and 45,XY,-14,-13,+t(14;13)(q11;q11). Please check these are correct!

Table 2.

Cytogenetic abnormalities observed in 142 infertile men.

Karyotype	Number of cases (%)	Y Chromosome microdeletions
47,XXY	16 (11.27%)	None
46,XX[49]/47,XXY[4]	1 (0.7)	None
46,XY qh-	2 (1.4)	None
46,XY qh-/45X	1 (0.7)	None
46,XX male	1 (0.7)	None
46,XY; 21p-	2 (1.4)	None
46,XY + marker	1 (0.7)	None
45,XY,-14,-21,+t(14;21)	1 (0.7)	None
45,XY,-14,-13,+t(14;13)(q11;q11)	1 (0.7)	None
46, XY Normal male karyotype	126/142 (81.7%)	9/126 (7.1 %)
Abnormal Karyotype	26/142 (18.3%)	0/26 (0 %)

Microdeletions in Y-chromosome were not detected in any of the 26 cytogenetically abnormal subjects. Of the 126 infertile patients with normal karyotypes, nine had microdeletions in Yq-chromosome (9/126=7.14%) (Table III). The most frequent deletion was in AZFc region (5/9=55.6%), followed by AZFb-c region (3/9=33.3) and AZFa region (1/9=11.1). The AZFb deletion was not detected in our patients.

Table 3.

Characteristics of infertile men with Yq microdeletion.

Patient	Age (Year)	Diagnosis	Deletion
1	31	Azoospermia	AZFa
2	26	Azoospermia	AZFc
3	28	Azoospermia	AZFc
4	30	Oligozoospermia	AZFc
5	32	Azoospermia	AZFc
6	35	Oligozoospermia	AZFc
7	28	Azoospermia	AZFb-c
8	29	Azoospermia	AZFb-c
9	40	Azoospermia	AZFb-c

AZF: Azoospermia factor

Previous studies (Nakamura et al, 2001; Poongothai et al, 2009) for different populations have shown that the incidence of chromosomal abnormality in infertile males was between 2.2% and 19.6%. The most common chromosomal abnormality in these studies was Klinefelter's syndrome followed by Yq deletions (Poongothai et al, 2009). Our study shows that the incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in infertile Kuwaiti men was 18.3% (26/142). 81.7% of patients showed a normal male karyotype (116/142). The 47.XXY genotype accounted for 50% of cytogenetic abnormalities (13/142=9.5%). Cytogenetic findings in the Kuwaiti patients were in accordance with previously published findings (Elghezal et al, 2006; Chantot-Bastaraud et al, 2008). None of the 26 cases with chromosomal abnormalities had Yq microdeletions. However, 9 out of 116 infertile males with normal karyotype showed Yq microdeletions. Our study showed that 7 of the cases with the Yq microdeletions had azoospermia and 2 cases had severe oligozoospermia. Five out of nine men had the presence of Yq microdeletions confined to the AZFc region. These data support earlier studies that azoospermic men had higher frequency of microdeletions than oligospermic men, and those men with deletions in the AZFc region were the most common in several populations (Elghezal et al, 2006; Chantot-Bastaraud et al, 2008). The three other Yq microdeletions are in the AZFa-c region and were present in azoospermic patients. Only one case harbored a deletion in the AZFa region. None of our cases had a deletion in the AZFb region. Our data on the Kuwaiti patients confirmed the recent findings of Mohammed and colleagues (Mohammed et al, 2007) who reported similar cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities in infertile Kuwaiti patients.

In conclusion, our data show that the pattern and prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities and Yq microdeletions in infertile Kuwaiti men were comparable within infertile groups from other Asian and Western countries. In Kuwait, most men with Yq microdeletions require ICSI to overcome their infertility. These findings can form an important component of genetic counselling to Kuwaiti men with Yq microdeletions.