BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine both the tendon and muscle components of the medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and equinus gait, with or without contracture. We also examined a small number of children who had undergone prior surgical lengthening of the triceps surae to address equinus contracture. METHODS: Ultrasound was used to measure Achilles tendon length and muscle-tendon architectural parameters in children of ages 5 to 12 years. Muscle and tendon parameters were compared among 4 groups: Control group (N=40 limbs from 21 typically developing children), Static Equinus group (N=23 limbs from 15 children with CP and equinus contracture), Dynamic Equinus group (N=12 limbs from 7 children with CP and equinus gait without contracture), and Prior Surgery group (N=10 limbs from 6 children with CP who had prior gastrocnemius recession or tendo-achilles lengthening). The groups were compared using analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc tests. RESULTS: The CP groups had longer Achilles tendons and shorter muscle bellies than the Control group (P<0.001). Normalized tendon length was also longer in the Prior Surgery group compared with the Static Equinus group (P<0.001). The Prior Surgery group had larger pennation angles than the CP groups (P< or =0.009) and tended to have shorter muscle fascicle lengths (P< or =0.005 compared with Control and Static Equinus, P=0.08 compared with Dynamic Equinus). Similar results were observed for pennation angles and normalized muscle fascicle lengths throughout the range of motion. CONCLUSIONS: Children with spastic CP and equinus gait have longer-than-normal Achilles tendons and shorter-than-normal muscle bellies. These characteristics are observed even in children with dynamic equinus, before contracture has developed. Surgery further lengthens the tendon, restoring dorsiflexion but not normal muscle-tendon architecture. These architectural features likely affect function, possibly contributing to functional deficits such as plantarflexor weakness after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine both the tendon and muscle components of the medial gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and equinus gait, with or without contracture. We also examined a small number of children who had undergone prior surgical lengthening of the triceps surae to address equinus contracture. METHODS: Ultrasound was used to measure Achilles tendon length and muscle-tendon architectural parameters in children of ages 5 to 12 years. Muscle and tendon parameters were compared among 4 groups: Control group (N=40 limbs from 21 typically developing children), Static Equinus group (N=23 limbs from 15 children with CP and equinus contracture), Dynamic Equinus group (N=12 limbs from 7 children with CP and equinus gait without contracture), and Prior Surgery group (N=10 limbs from 6 children with CP who had prior gastrocnemius recession or tendo-achilles lengthening). The groups were compared using analysis of variance and Scheffe post hoc tests. RESULTS: The CP groups had longer Achilles tendons and shorter muscle bellies than the Control group (P<0.001). Normalized tendon length was also longer in the Prior Surgery group compared with the Static Equinus group (P<0.001). The Prior Surgery group had larger pennation angles than the CP groups (P< or =0.009) and tended to have shorter muscle fascicle lengths (P< or =0.005 compared with Control and Static Equinus, P=0.08 compared with Dynamic Equinus). Similar results were observed for pennation angles and normalized muscle fascicle lengths throughout the range of motion. CONCLUSIONS:Children with spastic CP and equinus gait have longer-than-normal Achilles tendons and shorter-than-normal muscle bellies. These characteristics are observed even in children with dynamic equinus, before contracture has developed. Surgery further lengthens the tendon, restoring dorsiflexion but not normal muscle-tendon architecture. These architectural features likely affect function, possibly contributing to functional deficits such as plantarflexor weakness after surgery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.
Authors: Anahid Ebrahimi; Michael H Schwartz; Jack A Martin; Tom F Novacheck; Darryl G Thelen Journal: J Orthop Res Date: 2022-02-25 Impact factor: 3.102
Authors: Anahid Ebrahimi; Robyn L Kuchler; Robin L Pomeroy; Isaac F Loegering; Jack A Martin; Darryl G Thelen Journal: Gait Posture Date: 2021-05-27 Impact factor: 2.746
Authors: Antoni J Caserta; Verity Pacey; Michael Fahey; Kelly Gray; Raoul Hh Engelbert; Cylie M Williams Journal: Cochrane Database Syst Rev Date: 2019-10-06