Sound retrieval and ranking using sparse auditory representations.

To create systems that understand the sounds that humans are exposed to in everyday life, we need to represent sounds with features that can discriminate among many different sound classes. Here, we use a sound-ranking framework to quantitatively evaluate such representations in a large-scale task. We have adapted a machine-vision method, the passive-aggressive model for image retrieval (PAMIR), which efficiently learns a linear mapping from a very large sparse feature space to a large query-term space. Using this approach, we compare different auditory front ends and different ways of extracting sparse features from high-dimensional auditory images. We tested auditory models that use an adaptive pole-zero filter cascade (PZFC) auditory filter bank and sparse-code feature extraction from stabilized auditory images with multiple vector quantizers. In addition to auditory image models, we compare a family of more conventional mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) front ends. The experimental results show a significant advantage for the auditory models over vector-quantized MFCCs. When thousands of sound files with a query vocabulary of thousands of words were ranked, the best precision at top-1 was 73% and the average precision was 35%, reflecting a 18% improvement over the best competing MFCC front end.