Distribution and characterization of Listeria monocytogenes clinical isolates in Portugal, 1994-2007.

In recent years, the number of cases of listeriosis has increased worldwide. Ninety-five isolates of Listeria monocytogenes recovered from Portuguese human cases of listeriosis have been characterized by biotyping (cadmium and arsenic sensitivity), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) grouping, and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) applying the enzymes AscI and ApaI. Isolates were classified into one of three PCR groups; IVb (71.6%), IIb (17.9%), and IIa (10.5%). Four biotypes were differentiated: sensitive to arsenic/cadmium (48.4%), arsenic-sensitive and cadmium-resistant (25.3%), resistant to arsenic and sensitive to cadmium (18.9%), and resistant to both heavy metals (7.4%). Combined analyses of AscI and ApaI patterns yielded a total of 58 PFGE types with five sets (G, Jb, KKa, Me, and U) of Portuguese strains, each of which were indistinguishable by PFGE typing. In the present study, it was demonstrated that there are recurrent pulsotypes and that some were the same pulsotypes linked to outbreaks in France. In addition, there are some pulsotypes spread throughout the country, while others only appear in a restricted region. This study allowed the assembly of a first large pulsotype database of Portuguese clinical strains.