Influence of Cross-Linker Concentration on the Functionality of Carbodiimide Cross-Linked Gelatin Membranes for Retinal Sheet Carriers.

Carbodiimide cross-linking can easily regulate the functionality of gelatin carriers used for retinal sheet delivery. This paper investigates the effect of cross-linker concentrations (0-0.4 mmol EDC/mg gelatin membrane (GM)) on the properties of the chemically-modified GMs. ATR-FT-IR and ninhydrin analyses results consistently indicated that the EDC cross-linking reaction approaches saturation at concentrations around 0.02 mmol EDC/mg GM. The thermal stability and resistance to water dissolution and collagenase digestion were significantly enhanced with increasing cross-linker concentration from 0.001 to 0.02 mmol EDC/mg GM. In addition, the chemical cross-linking did not affect the ability to form a tissue-encapsulating structure at 37°C. Irrespective of their cross-linking degree, the GMs had an appropriate degradation rate sufficient to allow tissue integration. It was noted that, although high cross-linker concentrations can be used to improve the delivery efficiency of gelatin samples, the treatment with 0.1-0.4 mmol EDC/mg GM may lead to poor biocompatibility. Results of Live/Dead and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression analyses showed that the exposure of ARPE-19 cultures to the test materials cross-linked with a concentration ≥0.1 mmol EDC/mg GM induces significant cytotoxicity and high levels of interleukin-1β and interleukin-6. However, the presence of EDC cross-linked gelatin membranes in the culture medium had no effect on the glutamate uptake capacity. It is concluded that among the cross-linked gelatin samples studied, 0.02 mmol EDC/mg GM is the best cross-linker concentration for preparation of retinal sheet delivery carriers.