Interaction between anaesthetists, their patients, and the anaesthesia team.

Communication is a key skill for anaesthetic practice. The 'non-informational' aspects of communication, such as non-verbal elements and the degree to which the style of communication reflects the implied relationship between the sender and the recipient, are relevant to interactions both between anaesthetists and patients and to interactions with other members of staff in the team. Communication and interaction between members of the anaesthesia team in isolation has received less attention than communication in the operating theatre during surgery. Most aspects of such communication are informally learned and developed with experience. Studies of communication at induction of anaesthesia have used qualitative methods to identify a range of styles of talk. This is nominally directed at the patient but also serves to unite and co-ordinate the team to ensure the patient's smooth, safe progress into anaesthesia. In particular, the use of positive words and phrases seems to benefit patient comfort and safety. On emergence, a more limited range of communication styles is found. Handover of the recently anaesthetized patient to recovery room staff is often brief and distracted by concurrent patient-related activities. Both information about the patient, and responsibility for the patient's continuing care, have to be transferred. The handover event also serves as an opportunity to review the care the patient has received and plan for further progress. Anaesthetists and nurses use unspoken and implicit negotiation strategies to achieve the aims of handover without compromising future collaborative work. This is in contrast to the more formalized handover approaches in other safety-critical settings.