BACKGROUND: Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction. METHOD: Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety. RESULTS: Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.
BACKGROUND: Fear conditioning involves the amygdala as the main neural structure for learning fear responses whereas fear extinction mainly activates the inhibitory prefrontal cortex (PFC). In this study we investigated whether individual differences in trait anxiety affect amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during fear conditioning and extinction. METHOD: Thirty-two healthy subjects were investigated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T while performing a cued fear-conditioning task. All participants completed the trait version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T). Activations of the amygdala and the dACC were examined with respect to the effects of trait anxiety. RESULTS: Analysis of the fMRI data demonstrated enhanced activation in fear-related brain areas, such as the insula and the ACC, during both fear conditioning and extinction. Activation of the amygdala appeared only during the late acquisition phase whereas deactivation was observed during extinction. Regression analyses revealed that highly trait-anxious subjects exhibited sustained amygdala activation and reduced dACC involvement during the extinction of conditioned responses. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that high levels of trait anxiety are associated with both increased amygdala activation and reduced dACC recruitment during the extinction of conditioned fear. This hyper-responsivity of the amygdala and the deficient cognitive control during the extinction of conditioned fear in anxious subjects reflect an increased resistance to extinct fear responses and may thereby enhance the vulnerability to developing anxiety disorders.
Authors: Thomas Dresler; Anne Guhn; Sara V Tupak; Ann-Christine Ehlis; Martin J Herrmann; Andreas J Fallgatter; Jürgen Deckert; Katharina Domschke Journal: J Neural Transm (Vienna) Date: 2012-06-13 Impact factor: 3.575
Authors: Ingmar Heinig; Andre Pittig; Jan Richter; Katrin Hummel; Isabel Alt; Kristina Dickhöver; Jennifer Gamer; Maike Hollandt; Katja Koelkebeck; Anne Maenz; Sophia Tennie; Christina Totzeck; Yunbo Yang; Volker Arolt; Jürgen Deckert; Katharina Domschke; Thomas Fydrich; Alfons Hamm; Jürgen Hoyer; Tilo Kircher; Ulrike Lueken; Jürgen Margraf; Peter Neudeck; Paul Pauli; Winfried Rief; Silvia Schneider; Benjamin Straube; Andreas Ströhle; Hans-Ulrich Wittchen Journal: Int J Methods Psychiatr Res Date: 2017-03-21 Impact factor: 4.035
Authors: Evelyn Glotzbach-Schoon; Regina Tadda; Marta Andreatta; Christian Tröger; Heike Ewald; Christian Grillon; Paul Pauli; Andreas Mühlberger Journal: Biol Psychol Date: 2013-02-04 Impact factor: 3.251
Authors: A Reif; J Richter; B Straube; M Höfler; U Lueken; A T Gloster; H Weber; K Domschke; L Fehm; A Ströhle; A Jansen; A Gerlach; M Pyka; I Reinhardt; C Konrad; A Wittmann; B Pfleiderer; G W Alpers; P Pauli; T Lang; V Arolt; H-U Wittchen; A Hamm; T Kircher; J Deckert Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 2013-01-15 Impact factor: 15.992