Stable oxygen isotope ratios of nitrate produced from nitrification: (18)O-labeled water incubations of agricultural and temperate forest soils.

In many nitrate (NO(3)(-)) source partitioning studies, the delta(18)O value for NO(3)(-) produced from nitrification is often assumed to reflect the isotopic compositions of environmental water (H(2)O) and molecular oxygen (O(2)) in a 2:1 ratio. Most studies that have measured or observed this microbial endmember have found that the delta(18)O-NO(3)(-) was more positive (up to +15 per thousand higher) than the assumed value. Current understanding of the mechanism(s) responsible for this discrepancy is limited. Incubations of one temperate forest soil (organic) and two agricultural soils (mineral) were conducted with (18)O-labeled H(2)O to apportion the sources of oxygen in NO(3)(-) generated from nitrification. The NO(3)(-) produced in all soils had delta(18)O values that could not be explained by a simple endmember mixing ratio of 2:1. A more comprehensive model describing the formation of microbial NO(3)(-) was developed, which accounts for oxygen exchange between H(2)O and NO(2)(-), and includes terms for kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects. Oxygen isotope exchange (i.e., the fraction of NO(3)(-)-oxygen that originates from the abiotic exchange of H(2)O and NO(2)(-)) varied widely between the temperate forest soil (0.37) and the two agricultural soils (0.52 and 0.88). At present, the microbial endmember for nitrification cannot be successfully predicted.