OBJECTIVE: We conducted a case-control study to evaluate risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children who were aged 3 to 59 months in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). METHODS: IPD cases were identified through routine surveillance during 2001-2004. We matched a median of 3 control subjects to each case patient by age and zip code. We calculated odds ratios for potential risk factors for vaccine-type and non-vaccine-type IPD by using multivariable conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: We enrolled 782 case patients (45% vaccine-type IPD) and 2512 matched control subjects. Among children who received any PCV7, children were at increased risk for vaccine-type IPD when they had underlying illnesses, were male, or had no health care coverage. Vaccination with PCV7 did not influence the risk for non-vaccine-type IPD. Presence of underlying illnesses increased the risk for non-vaccine-type IPD, particularly among children who were not exposed to household smoking. Non-vaccine-type case patients were more likely than control subjects to attend group child care, be male, live in low-income households, or have asthma; case patients were less likely than control subjects to live in households with other children. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with PCV7 has reduced the risk for vaccine-type IPD that is associated with race and group child care attendance. Because these factors are still associated with non-vaccine-type IPD risk, additional reductions in disparities should be expected with new, higher valency conjugate vaccines.
OBJECTIVE: We conducted a case-control study to evaluate risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children who were aged 3 to 59 months in the era of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). METHODS: IPD cases were identified through routine surveillance during 2001-2004. We matched a median of 3 control subjects to each case patient by age and zip code. We calculated odds ratios for potential risk factors for vaccine-type and non-vaccine-type IPD by using multivariable conditional logistic regression. RESULTS: We enrolled 782 case patients (45% vaccine-type IPD) and 2512 matched control subjects. Among children who received any PCV7, children were at increased risk for vaccine-type IPD when they had underlying illnesses, were male, or had no health care coverage. Vaccination with PCV7 did not influence the risk for non-vaccine-type IPD. Presence of underlying illnesses increased the risk for non-vaccine-type IPD, particularly among children who were not exposed to household smoking. Non-vaccine-type case patients were more likely than control subjects to attend group child care, be male, live in low-income households, or have asthma; case patients were less likely than control subjects to live in households with other children. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination with PCV7 has reduced the risk for vaccine-type IPD that is associated with race and group child care attendance. Because these factors are still associated with non-vaccine-type IPD risk, additional reductions in disparities should be expected with new, higher valency conjugate vaccines.
Authors: Daniel E Dulek; Dawn C Newcomb; Kasia Goleniewska; Jaqueline Cephus; Weisong Zhou; Sara Reiss; Shinji Toki; Fei Ye; Rinat Zaynagetdinov; Taylor P Sherrill; Timothy S Blackwell; Martin L Moore; Kelli L Boyd; Jay K Kolls; R Stokes Peebles Journal: Infect Immun Date: 2014-06-23 Impact factor: 3.441
Authors: Pilar Ciruela; Núria Soldevila; Laura Selva; Sergi Hernández; Juan Jose Garcia-Garcia; Fernando Moraga; Mariona F de Sevilla; Gemma Codina; Ana Maria Planes; Cristina Esteva; Francis Coll; Neus Cardeñosa; Iolanda Jordan; Joan Batalla; Luis Salleras; Carmen Muñoz-Almagro; Angela Domínguez Journal: Hum Vaccin Immunother Date: 2013-01-07 Impact factor: 3.452
Authors: Annemarie Sykes; Michael R Edwards; Jonathan Macintyre; Ajerico Del Rosario; Vera Gielen; Jennifer Haas; Onn Min Kon; Mark McHale; Sebastian L Johnston Journal: PLoS One Date: 2013-06-18 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Catherine Weil-Olivier; Mark van der Linden; Iris de Schutter; Ron Dagan; Lorenzo Mantovani Journal: BMC Infect Dis Date: 2012-09-07 Impact factor: 3.090
Authors: Shamez N Ladhani; Mary P E Slack; Nick J Andrews; Pauline A Waight; Ray Borrow; Elizabeth Miller Journal: Emerg Infect Dis Date: 2013-01 Impact factor: 6.883