Optical modeling of clear ocean light fields: Raman scattering effects.

A Monte Carlo simulation (the NORDA optical model) and the Three-Parameter Model of the submarine light field are used to analyze the effect of water Raman emission at 520 nm in clear ocean waters. Reported optical anomalies for clear ocean waters at longer wavelengths (520 nm +) are explained by the effects of water Raman emission, and the simulation results are confirmed by Biowatt-NORDA observations made in the Sargasso Sea. A new optical parametrization for clear ocean water is proposed.