Perspective: authentic patient perspectives in simulations for procedural and surgical skills.

In this article, the authors consider the role of the patient in simulation-based training and assessment of clinical procedural skills. In recent years, there has been a progressive shift of emphasis from teacher-centered to student-centered education, resulting in a redefinition of approaches to medical education. Traditional models of transmission of information from an expert to a novice have been supplanted by a more student-centered approach. However, medical education is not a matter for teacher and student alone. At the center is always the patient, around whom everything must ultimately rotate. A further shift is occurring. The patient is becoming the focal point of medical teaching and learning. It is argued that this shift is necessary and that simulation in its widest sense can be used to support this process. However, sensitivity to what we are simulating is essential, especially when simulations purport to address patient perspectives. The essay first reviews the history of medical education "centeredness," then outlines ways in which real and simulated patients are currently involved in medical education. Patient-focused simulation (PFS) is described as a means of offering patients' perspectives during the acquisition of clinical procedural and surgical skills. The authors draw on their experiences of developing PFS and preliminary work to "authenticate" simulations from patient perspectives. The essay concludes with speculation on the value of a "complementarity" model that acknowledges the authentic and equal perspectives of patients, students, clinicians, and teachers.