BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that literacy acquisition in hearing impaired children is frequently hampered, reading and writing competences continue not to be regularly evaluated and documented in children fitted with cochlear implants (CI). In this 2-year longitudinal study literacy acquisition in children fitted with CI was investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 18 pre- and primary school children fitted with CI who had suffered prelingual deafness were examined. Subjects' ages at CI fitting ranged from 0.9 to 5.9 years; they were raised orally and monolingual German and showed normal intellectual achievement. Familial risk of developing dyslexia was ruled out. To assess subjects' literacy acquisition precursor and partial abilities in reading and writing according to dual route and developmental models were examined three times within 2 years. Precursor abilities included development of vocabulary and phonological awareness. Partial abilities were mastery in sublexical and lexical word processing in reading and writing as well as auditory and visual working memory. RESULTS: Subjects showed a broad range in performance regarding vocabulary development as well as literacy. Discrepant results in terms of age equivalent visual and underachievement in auditory working memory as well as good achievement in implicit phonological awareness and weakness in explicit demands on phoneme analysis and manipulation of phonemes can be described. Indications were that subjects tended towards lip reading the instructor's item presentation. Performance in the administered writing test reveals a preference for lexical word processing, whereas sublexical word processing seems to make relatively higher demands on subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Easier processing of visual information in partial and precursor abilities are consistent with a tendency to prefer a visual-lexical processing strategy. The presented study stresses the importance of generally assessing reading and writing skills when evaluating language development in children supplied with cochlear implants. Partial and precursor abilities should be included in order to identify any delay in development promptly. Thus, individual qualitative characteristics can be addressed in therapeutic intervention.
BACKGROUND: Despite the fact that literacy acquisition in hearing impairedchildren is frequently hampered, reading and writing competences continue not to be regularly evaluated and documented in children fitted with cochlear implants (CI). In this 2-year longitudinal study literacy acquisition in children fitted with CI was investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In total, 18 pre- and primary school children fitted with CI who had suffered prelingual deafness were examined. Subjects' ages at CI fitting ranged from 0.9 to 5.9 years; they were raised orally and monolingual German and showed normal intellectual achievement. Familial risk of developing dyslexia was ruled out. To assess subjects' literacy acquisition precursor and partial abilities in reading and writing according to dual route and developmental models were examined three times within 2 years. Precursor abilities included development of vocabulary and phonological awareness. Partial abilities were mastery in sublexical and lexical word processing in reading and writing as well as auditory and visual working memory. RESULTS: Subjects showed a broad range in performance regarding vocabulary development as well as literacy. Discrepant results in terms of age equivalent visual and underachievement in auditory working memory as well as good achievement in implicit phonological awareness and weakness in explicit demands on phoneme analysis and manipulation of phonemes can be described. Indications were that subjects tended towards lip reading the instructor's item presentation. Performance in the administered writing test reveals a preference for lexical word processing, whereas sublexical word processing seems to make relatively higher demands on subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Easier processing of visual information in partial and precursor abilities are consistent with a tendency to prefer a visual-lexical processing strategy. The presented study stresses the importance of generally assessing reading and writing skills when evaluating language development in children supplied with cochlear implants. Partial and precursor abilities should be included in order to identify any delay in development promptly. Thus, individual qualitative characteristics can be addressed in therapeutic intervention.
Authors: Magdalene Ortmann; Pienie Zwitserlood; Arne Knief; Johanna Baare; Stephanie Brinkheetker; Antoinette Am Zehnhoff-Dinnesen; Christian Dobel Journal: PLoS One Date: 2017-01-05 Impact factor: 3.240