Standards for simulation in anaesthesia: creating confidence in the tools.

Simulation is an accepted part of training, assessment, and research in aviation, nuclear power, and the military. Confidence in results in these industries is underpinned by relatively comprehensive and widely accepted standards. In contrast, although there have been major advances in the technology and tools used for simulation in the healthcare industry over the last few decades, little work has been done in setting standards for simulation in healthcare. Standards are essential for achieving the full potential of simulation-based education, assessment, and research at all levels and specialities in healthcare. The absence of standards undermines confidence in the results of any simulation-based endeavour and increases the risk of negative learning. We propose a practical framework for setting standards for simulators for anaesthesia.