Falk Ochsendorf1. 1. Zentrum Dermatologie und Venerologie, Klinikum der J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt. ochsendorf@em.uni-frankfurt.de
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory, medium to severe acne vulgaris is treated with systemic antibiotics worldwide. The rationale is an effect on Propionibacterium acnes as well as the intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of these antibiotics. Although there are no correlations between the number of P. acnes and the severity of the disease, associations between the degree of humoral and cellular immune-responses against P. acnes and the severity of acne have been reported. Exact data with respect to daily use of these compounds, such as differential effectiveness or side effects are unavailable. A summary of currently available studies is presented. METHODS: The data of studies of systemic antibiotic therapy of acne vulgaris up to 1975, the summary of literature in English up to 1999, a systematic review of minocycline of the year 2002 as well as the data of randomized controlled studies published and listed in Medline thereafter were reviewed. RESULTS: Systemic tetracyclines [tetracycline 1 000 mg/d, doxycycline 100 (-200) mg/d, minocycline 100 (-200) mg/d, lymecycline 300 (-600) mg] and erythromycin 1 000 mg/d are significantly more effective than placebo in the systemic treatment of inflammatory acne. The data for tetracycline are best grounded. Similarly effective is clindamycin. Cotrimoxazole and trimethoprim are likely to be effective. Definite differences between the tetracyclines or between tetracycline and erythromycin cannot be ascertained. The data for the combination with topical treatments (topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or retinoids) suggest synergistic effects. Therefore systemic antibiotics should not be used as monotherapy. In case of similar efficacy, other criteria, such as pharmacokinetics (doxycycline, minocycline, lymecycline have longer half-life times than tetracyclines), the rate of side-effects (tetracycline: side effect-rate approximately 4 % mild side effects; erythromycin often gastrointestinal complaints; minocycline: rare, but potentially severe hypersensitivity reactions; doxycycline dose-dependent phototoxic reactions), the resistance-rate [percentage of resistant bacteria higher with erythromycin (approximately 50 %) than with tetracycline-therapy (approximately 20 %)], and the costs of therapy have to be taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: The systemic antibiotic therapy of widespread papulo-pustular acne not amenable to a topical therapy is effective and well-tolerated. In general therapy can be given for 3 months and should be combined with BPO to prevent resistance.
BACKGROUND: Inflammatory, medium to severe acne vulgaris is treated with systemic antibiotics worldwide. The rationale is an effect on Propionibacterium acnes as well as the intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties of these antibiotics. Although there are no correlations between the number of P. acnes and the severity of the disease, associations between the degree of humoral and cellular immune-responses against P. acnes and the severity of acne have been reported. Exact data with respect to daily use of these compounds, such as differential effectiveness or side effects are unavailable. A summary of currently available studies is presented. METHODS: The data of studies of systemic antibiotic therapy of acne vulgaris up to 1975, the summary of literature in English up to 1999, a systematic review of minocycline of the year 2002 as well as the data of randomized controlled studies published and listed in Medline thereafter were reviewed. RESULTS: Systemic tetracyclines [tetracycline 1 000 mg/d, doxycycline 100 (-200) mg/d, minocycline 100 (-200) mg/d, lymecycline 300 (-600) mg] and erythromycin 1 000 mg/d are significantly more effective than placebo in the systemic treatment of inflammatory acne. The data for tetracycline are best grounded. Similarly effective is clindamycin. Cotrimoxazole and trimethoprim are likely to be effective. Definite differences between the tetracyclines or between tetracycline and erythromycin cannot be ascertained. The data for the combination with topical treatments (topical benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or retinoids) suggest synergistic effects. Therefore systemic antibiotics should not be used as monotherapy. In case of similar efficacy, other criteria, such as pharmacokinetics (doxycycline, minocycline, lymecycline have longer half-life times than tetracyclines), the rate of side-effects (tetracycline: side effect-rate approximately 4 % mild side effects; erythromycin often gastrointestinal complaints; minocycline: rare, but potentially severe hypersensitivity reactions; doxycycline dose-dependent phototoxic reactions), the resistance-rate [percentage of resistant bacteria higher with erythromycin (approximately 50 %) than with tetracycline-therapy (approximately 20 %)], and the costs of therapy have to be taken into account. CONCLUSIONS: The systemic antibiotic therapy of widespread papulo-pustular acne not amenable to a topical therapy is effective and well-tolerated. In general therapy can be given for 3 months and should be combined with BPO to prevent resistance.