Ultrasonic pretreatment of sludge: a review.

Ultrasonication is an emerging and very effective mechanical pretreatment method to enhance the biodegradability of the sludge, and it would be very useful to all wastewater treatment plants in treating and disposing sewage sludge. Ultrasonication enhances the sludge digestibility by disrupting the physical, chemical and biological properties of the sludge. The degree of disintegration depends on the sonication parameters and also on sludge characteristics, therefore the evaluation of the optimum parameters varies with the type of sonicater and sludge to be treated. The full-scale installations of ultrasonication have demonstrated that there is 50% increase in the biogas generation, and in addition evaluation of energy balance showed that the average ratio of the net energy gain to electric consumed by the ultrasound device is 2.5. This review article summarizes the benefits of ultrasonication of sludge, the effect of sonication parameters, impact of sludge characteristics on sludge disintegration, and thereby the increase in biogas production in anaerobic digester. Due to uncertainty in the unit representation by many researchers and nonavailability of the data, comparison of these results is complicated. Comparison of ultrasonication with other pretreatment options is necessary to evaluate the best economical and environmental pretreatment technology for sludge treatment and disposal. The optimum parameters for the ultrasonication vary with sludge characteristics.