OBJECTIVE: Atherosclerosis is a complex process characterized by an increase in vascular wall thickness owing to the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix between the endothelium and the smooth muscle cell wall. There is evidence that females are at lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) as compared to males. This has led to an interest in examining the contribution of genetic background and sex hormones to the development of CVD. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of factors, including those related to gender, that influence CVD. METHODS: Evidence analysis from PubMed and individual searches concerning biochemical and endocrine influences and gender differences, which affect the origin and development of CVD. RESULTS: Although still controversial, evidence suggests that hormones including estradiol and androgens are responsible for subtle cardiovascular changes long before the development of overt atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: Exposure to sex hormones throughout an individual's lifespan modulates many endocrine factors involved in atherosclerosis.
OBJECTIVE:Atherosclerosis is a complex process characterized by an increase in vascular wall thickness owing to the accumulation of cells and extracellular matrix between the endothelium and the smooth muscle cell wall. There is evidence that females are at lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) as compared to males. This has led to an interest in examining the contribution of genetic background and sex hormones to the development of CVD. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of factors, including those related to gender, that influence CVD. METHODS: Evidence analysis from PubMed and individual searches concerning biochemical and endocrine influences and gender differences, which affect the origin and development of CVD. RESULTS: Although still controversial, evidence suggests that hormones including estradiol and androgens are responsible for subtle cardiovascular changes long before the development of overt atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION: Exposure to sex hormones throughout an individual's lifespan modulates many endocrine factors involved in atherosclerosis.
Authors: Miao Wang; Alicia M Zukas; Yiqun Hui; Emanuela Ricciotti; Ellen Puré; Garret A FitzGerald Journal: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Date: 2006-09-14 Impact factor: 11.205
Authors: Y Okamoto; Y Arita; M Nishida; M Muraguchi; N Ouchi; M Takahashi; T Igura; Y Inui; S Kihara; T Nakamura; S Yamashita; J Miyagawa; T Funahashi; Y Matsuzawa Journal: Horm Metab Res Date: 2000-02 Impact factor: 2.936
Authors: T Z Naqvi; P K Shah; P A Ivey; M D Molloy; A M Thomas; S Panicker; A Ahmed; B Cercek; S Kaul Journal: Am J Cardiol Date: 1999-11-01 Impact factor: 2.778
Authors: Peter Y Liu; Rose C Christian; Ming Ruan; Virginia M Miller; Lorraine A Fitzpatrick Journal: J Clin Endocrinol Metab Date: 2004-11-09 Impact factor: 5.958
Authors: Johanna L Johnson; Cris A Slentz; Brian D Duscha; Gregory P Samsa; Jennifer S McCartney; Joseph A Houmard; William E Kraus Journal: Atherosclerosis Date: 2004-10 Impact factor: 5.162
Authors: Kathryn M Rexrode; Paul M Ridker; Hillary H Hegener; Julie E Buring; JoAnn E Manson; Robert Y L Zee Journal: Stroke Date: 2008-03-06 Impact factor: 7.914
Authors: P Chedraui; F R Pérez-López; G S Escobar; J A Espinoza-Caicedo; M Montt-Guevara; A R Genazzani; T Simoncini Journal: J Endocrinol Invest Date: 2016-02-22 Impact factor: 4.256
Authors: S Lennon-Edwards; M G Ramick; E L Matthews; M S Brian; W B Farquhar; D G Edwards Journal: Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis Date: 2014-05-24 Impact factor: 4.222
Authors: Britta A Larsen; Gail A Laughlin; Kevin Cummins; Elizabeth Barrett-Connor; Christina L Wassel Journal: Atherosclerosis Date: 2017-07-22 Impact factor: 5.162