Silibinin induced autophagic and apoptotic cell death in HT1080 cells through a reactive oxygen species pathway.

Hepatoprotectant silibinin has anticancer and chemo-preventive effects. In this study, silibinin showed significant inhibitory effect on human fibroblast HT 1080 cell growth cultured in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum or in serum free media, and in the latter case, silibinin exerted a more significant effect. Silibinin induced autophagy at 12 h, confirmed by monodansylcadervarine (MDC) staining, up-regulation of Beclin 1 (initiation factor for autophagosome formation), and conversion of LC3 I to LC3 II (autophagosome marker). It also induced apoptosis at 24 h, proved by observation of apoptotic body and activation of caspase-3. 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited silibinin-induced autophagy and promoted cell survival, suggesting that autophagy enhanced silibinin-induced apoptosis in HT1080 cells. Silibinin generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in HT1080 cells, and the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reversed the cytotoxicity of silibinin, resulting in cell survival by inhibition of autophagic and apoptotic pathways. Application of specific antioxidants demonstrated that H(2)O(2) was a major factor in silibinin-induced ROS since the H(2)O(2) scavenger catalase reduced both autophagy and cell death. O(2)*(-) also contributed to silibinin-induced cell death.