Specific interactions of sticholysin I with model membranes: an NMR study.

Sticholysin I (StnI) is an actinoporin produced by the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus that binds biological and model membranes forming oligomeric pores. Both a surface cluster of aromatic rings and the N-terminal region are involved in pore formation. To characterize the membrane binding by StnI, we have studied by (1)H-NMR the environment of these regions in water and in the presence of membrane-mimicking micelles. Unlike other peptides from homologous actinoporins, the synthetic peptide corresponding to residues 1-30 tends to form helix in water and is more helical in either trifluoroethanol or dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles. In these environments, it forms a helix-turn-helix motif with the last alpha-helical segment matching the native helix-alpha(1) (residues 14-24) present in the complete protein. The first helix (residues 4-9) is less populated and is not present in the water-soluble protein structure. The characterization of wild-type StnI structure in micelles shows that the helix-alpha(1) is maintained in its native structure and that this micellar environment does not provoke its detachment from the protein core. Finally, the study of the aromatic resonances has shown that the motional flexibility of specific rings is perturbed in the presence of micelles. On these bases, the implication of the aromatic rings of Trp-111, Tyr-112, Trp-115, Tyr-132, Tyr-136, and Tyr-137, in the interaction between StnI and the micelle is discussed. Based on all the findings, a revised model for StnI interaction with membranes is proposed, which accounts for differences in its behavior as compared with other highly homologous sticholysins.