Distribution of microbial populations and their relationship with environmental parameters in the coastal waters of Qingdao, China.

In order to understand the large-scale distribution of microbial populations simultaneously and their relationship with environmental parameters, flow cytometry was used to analyse samples collected from 46 stations in the coastal waters of Qingdao in spring, 2007. The distribution of virus was significantly and positively correlated with heterotrophic bacteria. Two groups of picophytoplankton (Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes) were detected; however, Prochlorococcus was not found. Picoeukaryotes and nanophytoplankton were abundant in the near-shore waters, whereas Synechococcus was abundant in the off-shore areas. No variation was found in vertical distribution of virus, heterotrophic bacteria, Synechococcus and nanophytoplankton abundances, except picoeukaryotes abundance in the bottom layer was dramatically lower than that in the upper layers. Correlation analyses indicated that the relationship between abiotic variables and heterotrophic bacteria, pico- and nanophytoplankton was closer than that between abiotic variables and virioplankton. Temperature and nutrients were the synchronous factors controlling the growth of heterotrophic bacteria, pico- and nanophytoplankton in the coastal waters of Qingdao in spring. The results suggested that synergistic and antagonistic effects existed among microbial groups.