White matter integrity is associated with treatment outcome measures in cocaine dependence.

Cocaine dependence is associated with white matter impairments that may compromise cognitive function and hence drug users' abilities to engage in and benefit from treatment. The main aim of this study was to assess whether white matter integrity correlates with treatment outcome measures in cocaine dependence. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to assess the white matter (WM) of 16 treatment-seeking cocaine-dependent patients before 8 weeks of therapy. The measures for treatment outcome were longest self-reported duration of continuous cocaine abstinence, percent of urine screens negative for cocaine, and duration (weeks) of treatment retention. Correlations between treatment outcome measures and DTI parameters (fractional anisotropy (FA), longitudinal eigenvalue (lambda(1)), perpendicular eigenvalue (lambda(T)), and mean diffusivity (MD)) were analyzed. Longest self-reported abstinence from cocaine and percent of cocaine-negative urine samples during treatment positively correlated with FA values and negatively correlated with lambda(1), lambda(T), and MD values across extensive brain regions including the corpus callosum, frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, and cerebellum. The findings of an association between better WM integrity at treatment onset and longer abstinence suggest that strategies for improving WM integrity warrant consideration in developing new interventions for cocaine dependence.