Improved spark and ember detection using stationary wavelet transforms.

Calcium sparks and embers are localized intracellular events of calcium release in muscle cells studied frequently by confocal microscopy using line-scan imaging. The large quantity of images and large number of events require automatic detection procedures based on signal processing methods. In the past decades these methods were based on thresholding procedures. Although, recently, wavelet transforms were also introduced, they have not become widespread. We have implemented a set of algorithms based on one- and two-dimensional versions of the à trous wavelet transform. The algorithms were used to perform spike filtering, denoising and detection procedures. Due to the dependence of the algorithms on user adjustable parameters, their effect on the efficiency of the algorithm was studied in detail. We give methods to avoid false positive detections which are the consequence of the background noise in confocal images. In order to establish the efficiency and reliability of the algorithms, various tests were performed on artificial and experimental images. Spark parameters (amplitude, full width-at-half maximum) calculated using the traditional and the wavelet methods were compared. We found that the latter method is capable of identifying more events with better accuracy on experimental images. Furthermore, we extended the wavelet-based transform from calcium sparks to long-lasting small-amplitude events as calcium embers. The method not only solved their automatic detection but enabled the identification of events with small amplitude that otherwise escaped the eye, rendering the determination of their characteristic parameters more accurate. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.