Reptile diagnostic endoscopy and endosurgery.

The 2.7-mm telescope commonly used in avian practice has transitioned into an invaluable diagnostic tool for the reptile clinician. Previously plagued by vague medical histories, nonpathognomonic physical examinations, indistinct diagnostic images, and less than conclusive clinical pathology results, the reptile clinician often has had trouble making a definitive, antemortem diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis generally relies on the demonstration of a host pathologic response and the causative agent. The ability to examine internal structures and collect biopsies has enabled many postmortem diagnoses to now be appreciated in the living animal, and along with accurate diagnosis comes accurate prognosis and improved case management. The advent of 3-mm human pediatric laparoscopy equipment has fueled interest in minimally invasive endosurgery in exotic pets, including reptiles. However, the chelonian shell has also served as a catalyst to speed the development of surgical approaches to the coelom that do not involve major shell surgery. This article summarizes the most common endoscopic approaches in lizards, chelonians, and snakes for the purposes of making a diagnosis and increasingly performing endosurgery. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.