2-Anthryltriazolyl-containing multidentate ligands: zinc-coordination mediated photophysical processes and potential in live-cell imaging applications.

1,2,3-Triazol-4-yl (triazolyl)-containing tetradentate ligand 1 undergoes fluorescence enhancement upon binding to zinc ion (Zn(2+)) in both organic (acetonitrile) and aqueous solutions. A 1:1 complex of 1 with a trigonal bipyramidal Zn(2+) was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The cyclic voltammogram (CV) of 1 suggests that an intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process is thermodynamically feasible which would quench the fluorescence of the 2-anthryltriazolyl fluorophore. On the basis of the X-ray and CV data, it was initially postulated that the 1:1 binding between Zn(2+) and ligand 1 shuts down the PET quenching pathway of the free ligand, which leads to the fluorescence enhancement of 1. However, the nuance of the interaction between 1 and Zn(2+) was revealed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and (1)H NMR titration experiments. A two-step binding process was observed which proceeds through an intermediate species of 2:1 (ligand/Zn(2+)) stoichiometry. Upon close examination of the fluorescence spectra of 1 during the Zn(2+) titration experiment, the fluorescence profile is in fact consistent with a two-step binding process in which a moderate fluorescence enhancement was observed during the early stage of the titration, followed by a bathochromic shift in conjunction with a more pronounced enhancement as Zn(2+) concentration increases. The studies on compounds 2-5 support the amended hypothesis that upon increasing Zn(2+) concentration, compound 1 first undergoes fluorescence enhancement because of the formation of a 2:1 (ligand to Zn(2+)) complex which slows down the PET quenching process. As Zn(2+) concentration increases, the 2:1 complex is converted into a 1:1 complex which facilitates an intramolecular exciplex formation between the excited 2-anthryltriazolyl fluorophore and the Zn(2+)-bound pyridyl moiety. Finally, the potential of compound 1 as an intracellular fluorescent indicator for Zn(2+) was evaluated. HeLa cells loaded with compound 1 grown in Zn(2+)-rich media show stronger fluorescence than those grown under Zn(2+)-deprived conditions, confirming the promise that the triazolyl-containing polyaza fluoroionophores can be developed into intracellular fluorescent indicators targeting biological Zn(2+).