Conformational changes in sensory rhodopsin I: similarities and differences with bacteriorhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and rhodopsin.

FTIR difference spectra have been obtained for the sR587----S373 phototransition of sensory rhodopsin I (sR-I), a signal-transducing protein of Halobacterium halobium. The vibrational modes of the sR587 chromophore have frequencies close to those of the bacteriorhodopsin bR568 chromophore, confirming that the two chromophores have very similar structures and environments. However, the sR-I Schiff base C = N stretch frequency is downshifted relative to bR, consistent with weaker hydrogen bonding with its counterion(s). The carboxyl (COOH) stretch modes of sR-I and halorhodopsin (hR) are at the same frequencies. On the basis of sequence homologies, these bands can be assigned to Asp-106 in helix D and/or Asp-201 in helix G. In contrast, no band was found that could be assigned to the protonation of Asp-76. In bR, the homologous residue Asp-85 serves as the acceptor group for the Schiff base proton. Bands appear in the amide I and II regions at similar frequencies in sR-I, hR, and bR, indicating that despite their different functions they all undergo closely related structural changes. Bands are also detected in the C-H stretch region, possibly due to alterations in the membrane lipids. Similar spectral features are also observed in the lipids of rhodopsin-containing photoreceptor membrane upon light activation.