Surface energy and wettability of spin-coated thin films of lignin isolated from wood.

The surface energy of lignin films spin-coated onto oxidized silicon wafer has been determined from contact angle measurements of different test liquids with varying polar and dispersive components. Three different lignin raw materials were used, a kraft lignin from softwood, along with milled wood lignin from softwood and hardwood. Infrared and (31)P NMR spectroscopy was used to identify any major functional group differences between the lignin samples. No significant difference in the total solid-vapor surface energy for the different lignin films was observed; however, the polar component for the kraft lignin was much greater than for either of the milled wood lignin samples consistent with the presence of carboxyl groups and higher proportion of phenolic hydroxyl groups as shown by quantitative (31)P NMR on the phosphitylated samples. Furthermore, the total surface energy of lignin of 53-56 mJ m(-2) is of a similar magnitude to cellulose, also found in the wood cell wall; however, cellulose has a higher polar component leading to a lower contact angle with water and greater wettability than the milled wood lignin. Although lignin is not hydrophobic according to the strictest definition of a water contact angle greater than 90 degrees, water may only be considered a partially wetting liquid on a lignin surface. This supports the long-held belief that one of the functions of lignin in the wood cell wall is to provide water-proofing to aid in water transport. Furthermore, these results on the solid-vapor surface energy of lignin will provide invaluable insight for many natural and industrial applications including in the design and manufacture of many sustainable products such as paper, fiberboard, and polymer composite blends.