Flow cytometric analysis of the contributing factors for antimicrobial activity enhancement of cell-penetrating type peptides: case study on engineered apidaecins.

Contributing factors for the antimicrobial activity enhancement of N-terminally engineered mutants of cell-penetrating apidaecins were analyzed based on their cell-penetration efficiency. The flow cytometric analysis of the engineered apidaecins labeled with carboxyfluorescein (FAM) revealed their enhanced cell-penetrating efficiencies into Escherichia coli that should be one of key factors causing the enhanced antimicrobial activity. It is noteworthy that, for one mutant, the enhancement in antimicrobial activity (18-fold higher than wild type) was greater than that of cell penetration (5.9-fold), suggesting that the N-terminal mutation may reinforce both interaction with unidentified intracellular target(s) and cell-penetration efficiency. 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.