Characterization and evolution of napin-encoding genes in radish and related crucifers.

Three cDNA clones, encoding napin storage proteins from radish, were isolated and sequenced. They fall into two classes differing in the size of the primary translation product. Sequences of the two classes are very well conserved and they display an organization very similar to that of the homologous genes from rapeseed and Arabidopsis which have previously been described. On the basis of hybridization intensity and the number of restriction fragments, we estimate that the radish napin multigene family is represented by eight to twelve members. The use of probes specific to each subfamily demonstrates that they contribute to a similar extent to the production of napin mRNA. Analysis of the sequence data suggests that the napin ancestral genes are probably derived from successive duplication and divergence of a protogene. Comparing other available napin sequences with those of radish reveals intriguing features. Comparison of the coding sequences shows that the homology between the radish and rapeseed sequences is much higher than that between each of the four members of the Arabidopsis gene family. This would suggest that the duplications which gave rise to the different members occurred independently in the two groups of species after separation of Arabidopsis from the Brassica lineage. However, similar comparison carried out on the 3' -noncoding sequences does not support this hypothesis, but shows that slightly different duplicated genes probably already existed in the common ancestor to the three genera. This paradox can be resolved by assuming that, within each genus, coding sequences for napin-encoding genes have been considerably homogenized as a result of concerted evolution.