OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative importance of smoking duration vs intensity in reducing the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: The study included 305,468 participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health cohort, of whom 1,662 had a PD diagnosis after 1995. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals from multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared with never smokers, the multivariate ORs were 0.78 for past smokers and 0.56 for current smokers. Among past smokers, a monotonic trend toward lower PD risk was observed for all indicators of more smoking. Stratified analyses indicated that smoking duration was associated with lower PD risk within fixed intensities of smoking. For example, compared with never smokers, the ORs among past smokers who smoked >20 cigarettes/day were 0.96 for 1-9 years of smoking, 0.78 for 10-19 years, 0.64 for 20-29 years, and 0.59 for 30 years or more (p for trend = 0.001). In contrast, at fixed duration, the typical number of cigarettes smoked per day in general was not related to PD risk. Close examination of smoking behaviors in early life showed that patients with PD were less likely to be smokers at each age period, but if they smoked, they smoked similar numbers of cigarettes per day as individuals without PD. CONCLUSIONS: This large study suggests that long-term smoking is more important than smoking intensity in the smoking-Parkinson disease relationship.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative importance of smoking duration vs intensity in reducing the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS: The study included 305,468 participants of the NIH-AARP Diet and Health cohort, of whom 1,662 had a PD diagnosis after 1995. We estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals from multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared with never smokers, the multivariate ORs were 0.78 for past smokers and 0.56 for current smokers. Among past smokers, a monotonic trend toward lower PD risk was observed for all indicators of more smoking. Stratified analyses indicated that smoking duration was associated with lower PD risk within fixed intensities of smoking. For example, compared with never smokers, the ORs among past smokers who smoked >20 cigarettes/day were 0.96 for 1-9 years of smoking, 0.78 for 10-19 years, 0.64 for 20-29 years, and 0.59 for 30 years or more (p for trend = 0.001). In contrast, at fixed duration, the typical number of cigarettes smoked per day in general was not related to PD risk. Close examination of smoking behaviors in early life showed that patients with PD were less likely to be smokers at each age period, but if they smoked, they smoked similar numbers of cigarettes per day as individuals without PD. CONCLUSIONS: This large study suggests that long-term smoking is more important than smoking intensity in the smoking-Parkinson disease relationship.
Authors: A Schatzkin; A F Subar; F E Thompson; L C Harlan; J Tangrea; A R Hollenbeck; P E Hurwitz; L Coyle; N Schussler; D S Michaud; L S Freedman; C C Brown; D Midthune; V Kipnis Journal: Am J Epidemiol Date: 2001-12-15 Impact factor: 4.897
Authors: Michelle G Baladi; Shannon M Nielsen; J Michael McIntosh; Glen R Hanson; Annette E Fleckenstein Journal: Behav Pharmacol Date: 2016-08 Impact factor: 2.293
Authors: Stephanie M Engel; Erica Scher; Sylvan Wallenstein; David A Savitz; Elin R Alsaker; Lill Trogstad; Per Magnus Journal: Epidemiology Date: 2013-05 Impact factor: 4.822