Review: the ubiquitin-proteasome system: contributions to cell death or survival in neurodegeneration.

The significance of the accumulation of ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions in the brains of those affected with different neurodegenerative diseases is currently unclear. While one interpretation is that the disease mechanism(s) involves dysfunction of an ubiquitin-mediated process, such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system, the inclusions are also found in surviving neurones, suggesting a possible neuroprotective role. Here we review recent evidence in support of these seemingly opposing notions gleaned from cell and animal models as well as investigations of patient samples, with particular emphasis on studies relevant to Parkinson's disease.